tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2373158611571959142024-03-06T12:02:48.501-08:00Engineering Photos,Videos and Articels (Engineering Search Engine)Engineering 4all, Practical Engineering, Free Learning Source, By Photos You Can Learn What you are studying.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.comBlogger1336125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-42521752071972077332016-04-03T00:10:00.001-07:002016-04-03T00:10:03.200-07:00Cable laying by ship "Giulio Verne"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-71118813011079980772016-03-09T01:18:00.000-08:002016-03-09T01:18:02.374-08:00Pyrometric fuse <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-83021241711958907362016-03-02T01:16:00.001-08:002016-03-02T01:16:31.949-08:00Calibration of a torque transducer.<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Calibration of a torque transducer up to 690 kN·m on the 1.1 MN·m torque standard machine of PTB in Braunschweig for power measurements on a Siemens-Westinghouse gas turbine.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-60508360722972491892015-12-23T00:14:00.000-08:002015-12-23T00:14:00.126-08:00Globe Valve<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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1. BODY. The body is forged steel and designed to the basic<br />dimensional requirements of the applicable specifications such as API 602 and ASME B16.34. The body is available in both the full or standard port design.<br />2. BONNET. The bonnet is forged steel, has an integral backseat and incorporates the stuffing box, which has dimensions per the applicable specifications such as API 602.<br />3. BODY-BONNET JOINT. Two different bonnet joint designs are available. These are either the bolted bonnet or the threaded and seal welded type.<br />4. GASKET. The bolted bonnet joint design valve uses a contained, controlled compression, spiral wound type gasket.<br />5. BONNET BOLTING. The bonnet bolting is manufactured of alloy steel in accordance with the requirements of the applicable specifications such as API 602 and ASME B16.34.<br />6. SEAT RINGS. The seat rings are steel and makeup part of the valve trim. They are pressed into the valve body and wedged into place, forming a seal with the body. The seating surfaces are ground and lapped.<br />7. WEDGE. The wedge, which is solid design, is forged or<br />investment cast steel and is part of the valve trim. The seating surfaces are ground and lapped<br />
8. STEM. The stem is forged steel and part of the valve trim. It contains an integral back seat shoulder, which mates with the integral backseat of the bonnet. The stem is designed to the basic dimensional requirements of the applicable specifications such as API 602.<br />9. GLAND AND FLANGE. The gland, gland flange assembly utilizes a separate, two piece design. This self aligning design allows the flange to be unevenly tightened while the gland maintains it’s parallel alignment with the stem and stuffing box.<br />10. GLAND BOLTS AND NUTS. The steel/stainless steel gland bolt and nut assembly is a stud, double nut arrangement. This design allows complete removal from the valve when service is required. The use of industry standard thread full length studs and nuts also allows easy replacement should these items be lost or in need of replacement.<br />11. YOKE SLEEVE. The yoke sleeve is of forged stainless steel material having a high melting point and is resistant to wear and corrosion.<br />12. HANDWHEEL. The handwheel is forged carbon steel of an open spoke design. This robust construction along with appropriate sizing allows for ease of operationAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-83315681952415246482015-12-09T00:11:00.000-08:002015-12-09T00:13:04.221-08:00Gate Valve<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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1. <b>BODY. </b>The body is forged steel and designed to the basic<br />
dimensional requirements of the applicable specifications such as API 602 and ASME B16.34. The body is available in both the full or standard port design.<br />
2.<b> BONNET.</b> The bonnet is forged steel, has an integral backseat and incorporates the stuffing box, which has dimensions per the applicable specifications such as API 602.<br />
3. <b>BODY-BONNET JOINT.</b> Two different bonnet joint designs are available. These are either the bolted bonnet or the threaded and seal welded type.<br />
4.<b> GASKET</b>. The bolted bonnet joint design valve uses a contained, controlled compression, spiral wound type gasket.<br />
5. <b>BONNET BOLTING.</b> The bonnet bolting is manufactured of alloy steel in accordance with the requirements of the applicable specifications such as API 602 and ASME B16.34.<br />
6. <b>SEAT RINGS.</b> The seat rings are steel and makeup part of the valve trim. They are pressed into the valve body and wedged into place, forming a seal with the body. The seating surfaces are ground and lapped.<br />
7. <b>WEDGE. </b>The wedge, which is solid design, is forged or<br />
investment cast steel and is part of the valve trim. The seating surfaces are ground and lapped.<br />
8.<b> STEM.</b> The stem is forged steel and part of the valve trim. It contains an integral back seat shoulder, which mates with the integral backseat of the bonnet. The stem is designed to the basic dimensional requirements of the applicable specifications such as API 602.<br />
9. <b>GLAND AND FLANGE.</b> The gland, gland flange assembly utilizes a separate, two piece design. This self aligning design allows the flange to be unevenly tightened while the gland maintains it’s parallel alignment with the stem and stuffing box.<br />
10. <b>GLAND BOLTS AND NUTS. </b>The steel/stainless steel gland bolt and nut assembly is a stud, double nut arrangement. This design allows complete removal from the valve when service is required. The use of industry standard thread full length studs and nuts also allows easy replacement should these items be lost or in need of replacement.<br />
11. <b>YOKE SLEEVE.</b> The yoke sleeve is of forged stainless steel material having a high melting point and is resistant to wear and corrosion.<br />
12. <b>HANDWHEEL.</b> The handwheel is forged carbon steel of an open spoke design. This robust construction along with appropriate sizing allows for ease of operationAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-34528008226122582392015-11-23T03:24:00.000-08:002015-11-23T03:24:00.255-08:00DC motor maintenance<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><br /></span><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span class="hps">It is</span> <span class="hps">American-made</span> <span class="hps">DC</span> <span class="hps">motor</span><span>.</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"> I<span class="hps">nsulation</span> <span class="hps">improvement</span> <span class="hps">repair</span> <span class="hps">for the</span> <span class="hps">failure</span><span>.</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"> <span class="hps">Since</span> <span class="hps">this type of</span> <span class="hps">removable</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">stator</span> <span class="hps">coil</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">it is</span> <span class="hps">easy</span> <span class="hps">rewinding</span><span>.</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"> <span class="hps">When</span> <span class="hps">poured into</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">varnish</span> <span class="hps">to the rotor</span> <span class="hps">coil</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">because</span> <span class="hps">the center of rotation</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">eccentric</span><span>,</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"> <span class="hps">There is a</span> <span class="hps">need</span> <span class="hps">to take a</span> <span class="hps">dynamic</span> <span class="hps">balance</span> <span class="hps">again</span><span class="">.</span></span></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-19469870035302101292015-11-16T03:18:00.000-08:002015-11-16T03:18:00.075-08:0022kw motor rewinding repair<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span class="hps">22kw</span> <span class="hps">motor</span> <span class="hps">recoiling</span> <span class="hps">repair</span><br /><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Mitsubishi Electric</span> <span class="hps">22kw 4sPoles B</span> <span class="hps">species</span></span><br />
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span class="hps"></span><br /><span>It is</span> <span class="hps">rewinding</span> <span class="hps">repair</span> <span class="hps">only</span> <span class="hps">coil</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">three-phase</span> <span class="hps">motors</span><span>.</span><br /> <span class="hps">But</span> <span class="hps">had been</span> <span class="hps">flashy</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">burnout</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">it was</span> <span class="hps">let me</span> <span class="hps">instead of</span> <span class="hps">winding</span> <span class="hps">only</span> <span class="hps">stator</span> <span class="hps">coil</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">spare parts</span><span>.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirPoo3GdyN6OO_-TInMSbouI1bF905XPwukA0cZ4oWXUNSW0WgEkB_k2IQvvnZd5mhWXUQ68cQ2YI_Wz0IhTz6l-wtAMYFHx93LmslnhXsjLMpYMGWVhTQ6vJcRmmKi4e1vJWkm5NZpBU/s1600/22kw+motor+repair.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirPoo3GdyN6OO_-TInMSbouI1bF905XPwukA0cZ4oWXUNSW0WgEkB_k2IQvvnZd5mhWXUQ68cQ2YI_Wz0IhTz6l-wtAMYFHx93LmslnhXsjLMpYMGWVhTQ6vJcRmmKi4e1vJWkm5NZpBU/s640/22kw+motor+repair.jpg" width="478" /></a></div>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en" tabindex="-1"><span class="hps"> </span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">And</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">repair</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">spare parts</span><span>, even if</span> <span class="hps">the motor is</span> <span class="hps">new</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">immediately</span> <span class="hps">enter</span> <span class="hps">when they</span> <span class="hps">burn out</span><span>,</span><br /> <span class="hps">Or</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">new</span> <span class="hps">purchase</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">simultaneously</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">way</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">spare parts</span> <span class="hps">towards</span> <span class="hps">slower</span> <span class="hps">mounting</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">earlier</span><span>, you may</span> <span class="hps">well</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">factory production</span> <span class="hps">line</span><span>.</span></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-70003604404095034192015-11-09T03:14:00.000-08:002015-11-09T03:14:00.331-08:00Rewinding of DC motor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy5mdFM7rqiTUT13Tfi_ywp64Mch1oaPrOyyz2eX-I_FoJRcunFo1biCvyUjRLXfG8Fui5okFQHESK_KKFrf4eoQ5ThyhL9QkWoWzq5XYgFaxNKM-Y64YFxbgWkeLYWV7v4j1iKpObl8M/s1600/After+rewinding+of+DC+motor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy5mdFM7rqiTUT13Tfi_ywp64Mch1oaPrOyyz2eX-I_FoJRcunFo1biCvyUjRLXfG8Fui5okFQHESK_KKFrf4eoQ5ThyhL9QkWoWzq5XYgFaxNKM-Y64YFxbgWkeLYWV7v4j1iKpObl8M/s640/After+rewinding+of+DC+motor.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> <span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">After</span> <span class="hps">rewinding</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">DC</span> <span class="hps">motor</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-17021915666388731542015-11-02T03:06:00.000-08:002015-11-02T03:06:00.307-08:00 55 kw 6 pole motor burnout and rewinding<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBNlsuACIcymCNAVSK6xGYKRncdgJeDuKt3VvXF7hrKFdmJOu3qOwvH51sM5malDYOo05UBtQmLHPw9bXw5kXcysCeFWX9f352mLoriJnhcZQH4VK5mTRnF_Cv_DABJj9BsfnhabqrggI/s1600/55kw6p+is+the+burnout+of+the+are+quite+seen+dust..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBNlsuACIcymCNAVSK6xGYKRncdgJeDuKt3VvXF7hrKFdmJOu3qOwvH51sM5malDYOo05UBtQmLHPw9bXw5kXcysCeFWX9f352mLoriJnhcZQH4VK5mTRnF_Cv_DABJj9BsfnhabqrggI/s640/55kw6p+is+the+burnout+of+the+are+quite+seen+dust..jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<b> <span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">55kw 6p</span> motor <span class="hps">coil</span> <span class="hps">rewinding</span> <span class="hps">after the</span> <span class="hps">case</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">the rotor</span> <span class="hps">also</span> <span class="hps">cleaned</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">also</span> <span class="hps">exchange</span> <span class="hps">bearings</span><span>.</span></span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3PsPGsOVpDWWFHY_r0nn2jzD1MwGP0UERBET4-xUJcE3KAtjcBr2onjfIEQ80V5TegBTIn5_GQzWNu0zwkO2lY7wZP6YRpeywZ6EANm9iiC4xXfbyuKU_LjYWCMyYlNLJ6sk8zFNbpoE/s1600/55kw+6p+coil+recoiling+after+the+case+of+the+rotor+also+washed%252C+also+exchange+bearings..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3PsPGsOVpDWWFHY_r0nn2jzD1MwGP0UERBET4-xUJcE3KAtjcBr2onjfIEQ80V5TegBTIn5_GQzWNu0zwkO2lY7wZP6YRpeywZ6EANm9iiC4xXfbyuKU_LjYWCMyYlNLJ6sk8zFNbpoE/s640/55kw+6p+coil+recoiling+after+the+case+of+the+rotor+also+washed%252C+also+exchange+bearings..jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-90057061023429540662015-10-26T03:01:00.000-07:002015-10-26T03:01:00.060-07:00110 Kw 2 Phase Motor Burntout and Rewinding<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6iRHvQAw8pnISD54b_GX9ucgLaWq7XnGpUZtKgy-DVzdeVemeC5JpaTvnPGcxEkDDk0c8txv30imHzVeK9ka4UzeVu0U5lvzEYUpckThqNnTYJXNOkM9CnYm6pMFcPtxKCBvxhl2kXm0/s1600/110kw+2+Phase+Motor+Burnout.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6iRHvQAw8pnISD54b_GX9ucgLaWq7XnGpUZtKgy-DVzdeVemeC5JpaTvnPGcxEkDDk0c8txv30imHzVeK9ka4UzeVu0U5lvzEYUpckThqNnTYJXNOkM9CnYm6pMFcPtxKCBvxhl2kXm0/s640/110kw+2+Phase+Motor+Burnout.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-18781646198324980892015-10-19T02:55:00.000-07:002015-10-19T02:55:00.604-07:00Motor Field Winding<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-21679833306264740652015-10-12T02:53:00.000-07:002015-10-12T02:53:00.085-07:00Motor Winding Burnt<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-74732225548018381072015-10-05T02:37:00.001-07:002015-10-05T02:37:19.778-07:00Motor Reconstruction<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDGwncEskG-_cMHeA_nn3LhjtbRdhbCEuHBIBpxpDL2LVfKojojbu-Jx80Vv1GWrTrOprWCiWdVkefd3ZaHgXQXBmcPIjEuAgmjkRDtPGO2VUhrq26-p2ehynqTYp18LrNVnFkm3iLj7I/s1600/Ski_moto_recon_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDGwncEskG-_cMHeA_nn3LhjtbRdhbCEuHBIBpxpDL2LVfKojojbu-Jx80Vv1GWrTrOprWCiWdVkefd3ZaHgXQXBmcPIjEuAgmjkRDtPGO2VUhrq26-p2ehynqTYp18LrNVnFkm3iLj7I/s640/Ski_moto_recon_big.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-43080697776524845552015-08-29T06:28:00.000-07:002015-08-29T06:29:00.132-07:00Utility pole<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span>Utility pole</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">Sohashira</span> <span class="hps">wires</span> <span class="hps">and transformers</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">making full use of</span> <span class="hps">aerial work platforms</span><span>, it is</span> <span class="hps">power distribution</span> <span class="hps">work</span> <span class="hps">to deliver</span> <span class="hps">to customers</span> <span class="hps">the electricity</span> <span class="hps">sent to the</span> <span class="hps">substation</span> <span class="hps">facilities</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">power plants</span><span class="">.</span></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-68951076420130580902015-08-28T15:55:00.000-07:002015-08-28T15:55:00.052-07:00High voltage tension insulators<br /><div class="almost_half_cell" id="gt-res-content">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><br /></span></b></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"></span></b></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"> <span class="hps">For</span> <span class="hps">high-voltage lines</span> <span class="hps">of</span> <span class="hps">anchor</span> <span class="hps">is the</span> <span class="hps">national</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>TEPCO</span> <span class="hps">other</span><span>)</span> <span class="hps">popular</span> <span class="hps">type</span> <span class="hps">of stone.</span></span></b></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span>It is</span> <span class="hps">also used for</span> <span class="hps">overhead ground wire</span> <span class="hps">outside the</span> <span class="hps">high-voltage lines</span><span>.</span></span></b></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"> <span class="hps">There is no</span> <span class="hps">cover</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">one</span> <span class="hps">line</span> <span class="hps">side</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">TEPCO</span><span class="">.</span></span></b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-10828206176332485072015-08-21T15:53:00.002-07:002015-08-21T15:53:32.667-07:00High pressure arm arm-<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">It is</span> <span class="hps atn">arm-</span><span class="">in consideration of the</span> <span class="hps">beautification</span><span>.</span><br /> <span class="hps">Has a</span> <span class="hps">pipe type</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">order to increase the</span> <span class="hps">strength</span><span class="">, is characterized by</span> <span class="hps">the absence of</span> <span class="hps">Amutai</span><span class="">.</span><span class="hps"> </span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">Tension</span> <span class="hps">insulator</span> <span class="hps">does</span> <span class="hps">not need</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">strap</span> <span class="hps">can be</span> <span class="hps">directly attached</span><span class="">.</span></span></b></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-91383562294684406292015-07-19T01:31:00.001-07:002015-07-19T01:31:35.120-07:00450V 300KW generator rotor varnish treatment<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-62779058952403641902015-07-01T04:10:00.000-07:002015-07-01T04:10:00.140-07:00Sulfuric Acid Safety <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">Sulfuric acid is strongly corrosive, it will severely damage the human body.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Therefore, careful attention must be paid to the handling.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
In addition, injuries and respiratory by gas such as sulfuric acid
facilities SO2 and SO3, there is also a danger of burns due to contact
with high temperature equipment such as a furnace and converter.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> And these of prevention, we will discuss measures at the time of injury.</span> <br /><br /><img border="0" height="15" src="http://sulfuric-acid.biz/bullet007.gif" width="15" /> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="ryusan" name="ryusan"><b>Sulfuric acid</b></a></span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 1.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="hoteki" name="hoteki">Legal</a> regulations</span></span> <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Fire Service Act:</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
The sulfuric acid and oleum, but selfishness, there was strict
regulations as a risk of the Fire Service Act, since 1990 I became a
"non-hazardous material."</span> <span class="notranslate">
However, sulfuric acid at a concentration of more than 60% has become
necessary to report to the local fire department as a "firefighting
inhibitor".</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> For such specific filings, please contact your local fire department.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Poisonous and Deleterious Substances Control Law:</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Sulfuric acid in excess of 10 percent concentration will be crackdown target of this law as a deleterious substance.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Manufacturing, which tries to import you must issue a registration
application to the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare through the
prefectural governor.</span> <span class="notranslate"> That tries to sell you registration application to the prefectural governor.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Manufacture, storage, sale, there are regulations for transportation and disposal.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Especially if are planning the construction of a sulfuric acid plant,
it must be a satisfying design the regulation of manufacturing plants
and storage plants.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Other than,</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Specific chemical substances such as disability prevention rule</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Petrochemical complex, etc. Disaster Prevention Law</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Let's keep in mind also to such.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 2.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="setsubi" name="setsubi">Equipment</a> Precautions</span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Guests can prevent in the protective equipment, than the measures from
happening accident, it is important prevention of accidents is the best.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
In this sense, drying tower, absorption tower, acid coolers, acid
piping, devices that handle approximately sulfuric acid such as貯酸tank
let's always prepared to be <b>"corrosion to leave a hole."</b></span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> In the sense of prevention of accidents,</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
1) can be as long as 2 to adopt a highly corrosion-resistant material
(such as Teflon)) In the case of metal material, regularly conduct the
wall thickness measurement and internal inspection, 3 know the amount of
corrosion) it is also happening leakage accident dikes so that it does
not lead to human accident, protection wall, 4 it should be installed,
such as double tube) acid facilities are separated as much as possible
from such passage, but unavoidable time by a notice that it is a
"danger" The ceiling to put 5) that travel on foot at risk, migratory
floor is provided, it should be in so as not to climb directly to the
ceiling board</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 3.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="sagyoji" name="sagyoji">When working</a> Note</span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Sulfuric acid is a strong acid, causing Gekijin of <b>chemical injury</b> on contact with the skin for dehydration action is strong.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Therefore, at the time of handling of sulfuric acid, you must use the appropriate safety protective equipment.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Protection as the protection of the face shield ... eyes (in a normal
protective glasses alone, is not allowed because there is a risk of
sulfuric acid from entering from the gap)</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Protection of protection made of vinyl raincoat ... body of rubber gloves ... hand</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> During maintenance work to deal with sulfuric acid, in advance Always place immediately water hose beside, it is essential <b>to work while flowing water at all times.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> When the sulfuric acid even took the body a little, as soon as possible, be washed with a large amount of water is required.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
In addition, during maintenance work on, such as tanks and pipes of
sulfuric acid, there is a need to start working with even assuming <b>"here still filled with sulfuric acid"</b> even after internal to the sky.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Often, the was a "going was in the sky" is, it may cause a slightly remaining serious accident for sulfuric acid.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
In addition, containing a metal tanks and pipes of sulfuric acid may
hydrogen gas produced by the corrosion are accumulated, This may cause
an explosion.</span> <span class="notranslate">
In the accident at I heard India, in an attempt to cut the lid with a
gas burner and try to open the tank during the stop, hydrogen explosion
will occur, there are cases that died four people.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Hydrogen is lighter, so we accumulated in the top of the container, and
from to open the upper part by a means that does not use the fire,
let's habit is to begin working with the fire after you ventilate the
interior by ventilation, if possible.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 4.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="anzensetsubi" name="anzensetsubi">Safety equipment</a></span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> First of measures against burns of sulfuric acid, it is <b>to "wash with water."</b></span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
In this sense, in the sulfuric acid plant, tower, acid cooler, such as
acid piping, in the high places of the possibility of contact with the
sulfuric acid, is required to be installed eye washer, the body washer.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
They are, as it is not to be obstructive to not come out of water in
case of emergency, let's get in the habit of flowing water to determine
the daily time.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Also, in addition to these, let's provided here and there the nozzle out of the water and I open the manual valve.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> This is, at the same time as the meaning of safety, also required at the time of maintenance work to deal with sulfuric acid.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> To measures of when the leakage of sulfuric acid occurs, let's standing dry sand and slaked lime.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Especially sand, if caused to absorb the sulfuric acid prior to
watering to the leaking sulfuric acid, is useful because you reduce the
amount of sulfuric acid flowing into the drainage.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 5.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="jushoji" name="jushoji">Injury time</a> measures</span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> I've described above, first of measures against burns of sulfuric acid, is <b>to "wash as soon as possible water".</b></span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> And to wash away the sulfuric acid from the skin, there is a sense that the cooling because it burns.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Since sulfuric acid has a strong dehydrating action, and has remained
even slightly, leaving a trail of serious burns to the skin and
eventually concentrated.</span> <span class="notranslate"> In this sense, it is essential that washing with water quickly even one minute one second.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> After sufficient washing with water, ask them to allowance and let diagnosis your doctor.</span> <span class="notranslate"> If possible, let's examine a doctor with experience in medicine flaw in advance.</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="sulfur" name="sulfur"><b>Sulfur</b></a> 1.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="hoteki" name="hoteki">Legal</a> regulations</span></span> <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Fire Service Act:</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Sulfur is a hazardous material second class on the Fire Service Act.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Since the specified quantity is 100kg, it must be carried out in the
facility as defined in the Fire Service Act when the amount of sulfur
and storage, transportation, and handling of more than this.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Also, then you need to place the workers with a qualification of
"hazardous materials handlers" (Class A or Class B second class) in the
operation site, you must have posted as stipulated in other laws and
regulations.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> For installation standards and other sulfur tank,</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Dangerous Goods Administration Study Group Author, Tokyo Fire Department supervision <b>"Fast Facts illustration hazardous materials facility standards"</b></span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> It is the best.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Amazon, you can net purchase at Kinokuniya other.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;">
<span class="notranslate"> 2.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="setsubi" name="setsubi">Equipment</a> Precautions</span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Sulfur, and ignition easy, occurs toxic SO2 gas by combustion.</span> <span class="notranslate"> In addition, since it has been kept to 130 ~ 150 ℃ in steam in order to keep the molten state, let's attention to the burn.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Storage tank and pump, with regard to the structure of the pipe or the like, " new facilities -3 Please see others "sulfur tank" of ".</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Sulfur, allow it to easily solidified at room temperature, it is what
it is less likely to result in a safety problem even if leaked.</span> <span class="notranslate">
However, since it easily ignited, always Keep away from ignition
source, it is important to try to extinguish quickly if you have any
chance ignition.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> In the case of fire in the sulfur tank, you will first blowing steam.</span> <span class="notranslate"> If still no signs of fire fighting, it will inject the water.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Usually, since it has ignited in sulfur internal tank walls and
ceiling, until the occurrence of SO2 comes to a complete stop and let's
continue the fire fighting.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 3.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="sagyoji" name="sagyoji">When working</a> Note</span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Molten sulfur to hydrogen sulfide odor, but usually it is not at the required level of gas mask.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
However, hydrogen sulfide, because the concentration is no longer felt
to be high and the contrary sense of smell, is dangerous.</span> <span class="notranslate"> In around the sulfur tank, let's implement the measurement of hydrogen sulfide concentration as necessary.</span> <span class="notranslate">
This measurement, because the method is simple and quick by the
detection tube, pump of the detector tube and measurement, let's
standing in the field.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> As detector tube manufacturers</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Komyorikagakukogyo Co., Ltd.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Co., Ltd. Gas Tech</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> And so on.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Small amount of molten sulfur is also attached to the skin, abuses
there is no other than the faint of skin to worry about cause burns,
because it is dangerous to incur a large amount, wear protective goggles
and gloves (leather is desirable) at a position other than the helmet ,
let's so as not to expose the skin.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
In addition, drained from the tank and piping was carried enough, under
the attitude that "if either is filled to happens if had been" even
after you disconnect, work to face and hands, and be careful on the
position of the body Let's place.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 4.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="jushoji" name="jushoji">Injury time</a> measures</span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Poisoning of hydrogen sulfide, because there is a danger of life, to
move the injured person to a well-ventilated place, let's subjected to
examination of as soon as the doctor can.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> In the case of burns, as well as the general of the burn, it is important to "as soon as possible cool".</span> <span class="notranslate"> This is enough even in water.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><img border="0" height="15" src="http://sulfuric-acid.biz/bullet009.gif" width="15" /> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="gas" name="gas">Gas</a> 1.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="kiken" name="kiken">Danger and discovery</a></span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
In the sulfuric acid plant, which flows through the containing harmful
components gas facilities such as SO2 and SO3, and aspiration of these
components by leakage accident and and respiratory failure, sometimes
leading to severe cases suffocation death.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
If you have the generation of gas leak accident in equipment operation,
but SO3 in the gas as long as it is a converter or later leakage source
of discovery and it causes the white smoke of concentrated sulfuric
acid reacts with H2O in the air it is easy, in front of the boiler and
sulfur combustion furnace around than it is SO2 only, discovery of the
leakage point is difficult.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> For this purpose, it is recommended that you standing ammonia water.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
When you soak the ammonia water in rags will close in the vicinity of
the location where leakage is suspected, if there is a leakage, it
causes the white smoke of sulfite Ammon by the reaction of SO2 and NH3
in the gas, it becomes possible to visually discover You.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Ammonia water, put on poly jug, it would be good to try sprinkling in the vicinity of the location where leakage is suspected.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 2.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="gas-sagyo" name="gas-sagyo">Notes on work</a></span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Let's always work to wear a gas mask filled with adsorbent such as activated carbon.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> As a manufacturer,</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Ltd. Shigematsuseisakusho</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> It is famous.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 3.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="gas-jusho" name="gas-jusho">Injury time measures</a></span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Move the injured person to a well-ventilated place, let's subjected to the treatment of the doctor as soon as possible.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
It can cause a pulmonary edema from the rare post-injury time passed,
so some people over to respiratory It is also necessary that do not hit
the work.</span></span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> </span> </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-52226368709819470512015-06-24T03:46:00.000-07:002015-06-24T03:46:00.454-07:00Sulfuric Acid Trouble cases<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #e6ecf9;"><b>1.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b>SO3 <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="hakuen" name="hakuen">white smoke</a> jet accident</b></span></span> <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate">
October 1992, from the factory length of the Malaysian company many
years of relationship, we have received a sudden international
telephone.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> <b>"Help, Ono san!"</b></span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
At the time of re-start after the regular repair, and will start-up and
operation of the sulfur while stopping the circulation pump of the
absorption tower, a large amount of SO3 unabsorbed is ejected from the
chimney, the adjacent competitors factory (for export flows into was a
clothing manufacturer), a large number of employees, most of them fell a
young woman is difficulty breathing, Toka he was a great uproar in the
national news.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Of course, sulfuric acid plant is shut down indefinitely.</span> <br /><br /> <span class="notranslate"> Why?</span> <span class="notranslate"> After absorption tower circulation pump has not stopped, it would not move combustion air blower?</span> <span class="notranslate"> And when I heard the reason, "because the periodic maintenance that <u>while releasing the interlock,</u> had forgotten to return to the original" thing with.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> It is a simple mistake To hear.</span> <span class="notranslate"> However, the result is serious.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
"From the DOE (Department of environment, Ministry of the Environment),
until it receives a complete preventive measures are said not to resume
operations, it can not be trusted even out the proposed measures, since
you are an expert of the plant maker DOE and because also would be
convinced, and I say that just to me to make the proposed measures to
come. "</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Director, because it was the president with even people missed, the
next day to discuss the correspondence, it was that I'll go anyway.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> With that as soon take the airplane ticket, I went to the local 3 days after the phone call.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Customer and consultation in the field, to make the idea of "also
came a large amount of SOx newly established capable of absorbing
scrubber after absorption tower", PFD, Process description, Construction
schedule other, it has created a DOE submitted documents in the field.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> We came back in the stay of 10 days.</span> <span class="notranslate"> In subsequent information, DOE is Toka he is convinced in my Report, who admitted operations resume.</span> <span class="notranslate"> (When you think from now, you will of much use also Under the table)</span> </span><br /><br /> <span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: red;"><b>Lessons
learned: In developing countries, even in the safety device, because
sometimes resulting in a start while the removed, by the going.</b></span></span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
<span style="color: #660000;">(Even if I say that, it takes the measures to the bottom and plant cost
will be enormous, and this will become a competitive disadvantage. It
is a place to some extent it may not forced referred to as a "no
choice". Difficult)</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> <span class="notranslate">2.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="impeller" name="impeller">Impeller</a> melts!</span></b></span> <br />
<blockquote>
<span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: #660000;">This is a construction completion and operation beginning of the trouble of sulfuric acid plant overseas.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <br /><br /> <span class="notranslate">
Because the DC / DA method, drying tower, intermediate absorption
tower, and the final absorption tower, but I tower are arranged 3
groups, among drying tower and the first absorption tower that, in
particular impeller of drying tower of the pump, nearly 45 It is from
being gone clean melt in the day.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Studio is a long-established chemical pump manufacturer in Japan, is
particularly company in the circulation pump for the sulfuric acid,
which boasts Japan's track record.</span> <span class="notranslate">
The material of the impeller that has been used is one that
manufacturers have been developed purposely as "a sulfate plant
circulation pump", previously it is of being used more than two years at
large facilities in Japan and overseas.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
However, anyway it sends the spare parts, it is no longer is also
melted, while repeating the feed for the next ... and gave a corrosion
test of the pump impeller for material just to make sure the
manufacturer's lab.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> The result is over without a problem.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Manufacturer name is "than there is this customer-specific special circumstances?".</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Suddenly it Omoitachi, "there is a track record for more than two
years," the place where I had taught a third of operating conditions
that, either, exhaust gas of copper smelting was the raw material.</span> <span class="notranslate"> However, the raw material of the plant that caused the trouble, is recovering molten sulfur from petroleum.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "Than sulfuric acid is too beautiful?"</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "There is no such a thing, I just paid the same pump also in the country P, Inc."</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> P company, has to do with my company, also know well technician.</span> <span class="notranslate">
the phone to talk I was at the circumstances "recently to think of it,
since the current value of the pump motor is down, plan is to check with
close temporary stop" is called.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Question to visit the open day, where I had to show an impeller, full
of holes by corrosion, state that seen through the other side.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "It was dangerous!"</span> <br /><br /> <span class="notranslate"> Manufacturer of salespeople, and cause differences of raw materials, it was admitted at last.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
When sulfur is of raw materials, product sulfuric acid is a very clean,
is enough to pass the purification of sulfuric acid standard.</span> <span class="notranslate">
The stainless steel-based alloys, it is likely that corrosion
resistance is imparted by the non-conductive film is formed on the
surface by oxidizing ions in the sulfuric acid, but this non-conductive
film produced in (very little of the impurities) sulfuric acid clean It
will be considered are not.</span> <span class="notranslate">
(Smelting gas sulfuric acid, is considered a NOx generated in trace
amounts of dust and electrostatic precipitator pole becomes the
oxidizing ions)</span> <br /><br /> <span class="notranslate">
Trouble is, no longer keep up with the supply to the exchange of
frequent spare impeller manufacturer, place that supplied the impeller
"for dilute sulfuric acid" with the intention of "band-aid", it can be
seen that this is long-lasting, it has been resolved at last.</span> <span class="notranslate"> It was a great achievement of the injury.</span> </span><br /> <span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: red;"><b>Lessons learned:</b></span></span> <span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: red;"><b>1.</b></span></span> <span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: red;"><b>"Examples of other companies" is not necessarily true for the corrosion of sulfuric acid.</b></span></span> <span style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: red;"><b>2.</b></span></span> <span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: red;"><b>"Clean sulfuric acid" is, in the stainless steel-based material is corrosive.</b></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"><b>3.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b>Unexpected unexpected to " <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="S_fukusei" name="S_fukusei">sulfur</a> by-product of "</b></span> </span><br />
<blockquote>
<span class="notranslate">
<span style="color: #660000;">This is a by-product from the coke oven gas of certain steel mills of
China, is the trouble with sulfuric acid plant as a raw material to sour
gas that contains H2S.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> </span><br /><br /> <span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: #660000;">In addition to the H2S in the sour gas, CH4, C2H6, C6H6, CS2, contains miscellaneous gas of ammonia ... and so on.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate">
By burning them in a furnace SO2, H2O, cooled to from the CO2, N2, and
sends it after the wet dust collector into the drying tower.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Equipment of commissioning is also complete, it is plant start finally.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
The flowing air, and ignited in sour gas, but was gradually ... will
Yuku raise the combustion furnace exit gas temperature by adjusting the
gas / air ratio, does not increase the gas temperature is quite.</span> <span class="notranslate"> SO2 concentration also remains low.</span> <span class="notranslate">
In was considered "because the amount of air is too much for the amount
of gas, combustion gas temperature does not rise is dilution", I was
squeezing the air.</span> <span class="notranslate"> However, the temperature also SO2 concentration does not increase.</span> <span class="notranslate"> I Yuki down rather.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "Do sour gas concentration is low for?" "Whether nitrogen is too much?"</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Etc., and examine various but I do not know.</span> <span class="notranslate">
In the meantime, the site received a report with the "cooling tower
circulating liquid is cloudy" from engineers who had been patrol, and I
come to the site.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Certainly, it has liquid is cloudy.</span> <span class="notranslate"> What would?</span> <span class="notranslate"> And, when you look good well, it looks fine particles of sulfur.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> I noticed the "Oh!".</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
The combustion furnace exit gas temperature does not increase, not
because the air is too much, it was because air rather was insufficient.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Therefore, look combustion H2S gas is conducted to the cooling tower, where Claus reaction 2H2S + SO2 → 3S + 2H2O</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> The causes, are you sulfur is deposited.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
(Flow meters of sour gas and air had been attached, because the
composition of the gas is uncertain, accurate flow rate ratio of the raw
material gas and air do not know)</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Immediately stop the operation, and inspect, by-product sulfur, past
the cooling tower, has been deposited on the collecting electrode of
mist Cottrell, the electrode plate was covered in thick sulfur of smack
yellow .</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Then round three days, still cold Shanghai of March, we clean the
Cottrell inside of sulfur using the water in the colleagues and two
people.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
I was was before delivery of the plant, Chinese and Japan of the
original 請会 company also chilly as the "idea of you mistake", I did
not get to help out at all.</span> <br /><br /> </span><span class="notranslate"><span style="color: #660000;"> As lessons learned from this accident, in subsequent similar sulfuric acid plant, </span><span style="color: red;"><b>gas analyzer after leaving the furnace,</b></span> <span style="color: #660000;">it was decided to</span> <span style="color: red;"><b>also be sure to install O2 gauge not only the SO2 meter.</b></span></span> <span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: #660000;">If the attached O2 meter, it is "O2 = 0%" or "air is not enough!" And because it should have found immediately.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> <b>4.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="carbon" name="carbon">Carbon steel</a> cooling tower parts of the delivery time</b></span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><br /> <span class="notranslate">
In the country of new equipment, raw material gas includes a halogen,
it was decided to use a Teflon impregnated carbon steel superficial to
the first gas cooling tower.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
From performance and price, but I decided to import the made in France,
after the arrival in Japan, and received contact from the Japanese
branch of manufacturers and "has cracked the gas inlet nozzle".</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Of course, we should not and not replaced.</span> <span class="notranslate"> If you say case replacement immediately, "We said that it take five months," the manufacturer says with.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Not a joke, there are only three months until the operation of the equipment.</span> <span class="notranslate"> "Is it not somehow in a month?" "Try Kakea~tsu and France"</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Since the branch office of humans are Japanese, (because it is France 8
hours late, night) in the early morning every day and will demand the
payment by phone to the local factory addressed, Lachi does not fall.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
From the customer, "You, Once hit the ass in Tomarikon to the
manufacturer's factory?" But was told and the sarcasm, just immediately
after the 9.11 terrorist attacks, overseas business trip the era of
self-restraint.</span> <span class="notranslate"> It does not take.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "Because pay three times the nozzle price, is not you? Expedited delivery" was also offer a.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
To them "from the local plant manager," the employee had a contact with
the "no longer stomach 2 months near at all vacation. Even got much
money, you can not work if there are no employees"</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> I'll say that.</span> <span class="notranslate"> You see, vacation!</span> <span class="notranslate"> Vacation is a top priority of the French.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Japanese would Komaro, but bankruptcy used by Americans anyway.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
I've decided to prepared to pay the penalty, a blessing in disguise, if
trouble occurs in the construction of the upstream of the
desulfurization equipment, the construction period was delayed more than
six months.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Thanks, we have achieved somehow exchange of nozzle before commissioning.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> It was a good study.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Later, I "made in France of the machine, only buy Na when a delivery room," the men had commanded.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Come to think of it, there was a local trading company of the president
of Malaysia of the relationship a long time ago, "I am, no matter how
you do not buy is made in France and the Italian-made products even
cheaper," he had said.</span> <span class="notranslate"> The reason is, that the delivery time of the because bullshit.</span> <span class="notranslate"> America is also quite irresponsible, United Kingdom Well Well, can most credit or "but Japan and Germany."</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> After a great deal, we have imported a special machine from France for the plant of pharmaceutical products.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Because it was customer's specified by the manufacturer.</span> <span class="notranslate"> But this is totally no problem.</span> <span class="notranslate"> By companies that are in the Alsace region, it is a Germany-based and from the name.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Alsace is historically land that France and Germany have been repeating the territorial dispute.</span> <span class="notranslate"> I was thinking like "kana because that contains the blood of the Germans."</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> <b>5.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="yakushou" name="yakushou">Chemical injury</a> accident</b></span> </span><blockquote>
<span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: #660000;">Concentrated sulfuric acid, and damage to the human body, can cause severe burns.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> After healing also, it will remain ugly keloid-like traces.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Also my body, the side of the upper arm and the navel, there are burn marks.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Both, is the wounds received in Nigeria.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
This such as lighter, my cousin when I was a junior high school
student, was killed instantly in an accident that wear a sulfuric acid
from the head.</span> <span class="notranslate">
In Bangladesh, my place of work to be in operation guidance, tank
exploded in a welding spark, local people 5 people was also an accident
that death.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
In Nigeria, also one of the bank's Japanese supervisor was injured
quite a large amount, it has been forced to hospital for a while.</span> <span class="notranslate">
This is, if you are working to remove the piping of sulfuric acid
together with local people, to have still contains sulfuric acid inside
by mistake as "empty", with sulfuric acid which is blowing in order to
loosen the bolts of the flange It is the thing which was injured.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Moreover, "the flange bolts, be loosened from the opposite side of the
body," "Even in the sky, in going in that are filled sulfuric acid
inside" that, did not observe that you are taught in safety education .</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Concentrated sulfuric acid, because it itself is dangerous, equipment
it should be structure and material that does not go out and leak
easily.</span> <span class="notranslate">
In the past, it did not get in quite such measures for economic
reasons, because the current to enter the equipment is hand inexpensive
of good material, it is safe when compared to the old days.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> To prevent the accident?</span> <span class="notranslate"> Over facilities, it should be all "Fool-proof".</span> <span class="notranslate">
This is a good word, "fool even okay", in other words, so as not to
cause an accident even if the erroneous operation, or it is to design
the equipment so that not occur erroneous operation.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> From behavioral, it is never "that you do not neglect the principle."</span> <span class="notranslate">
Also in the above Nigeria of accident, that it had ignored the note and
procedures that are taught in safety education was the cause of the
accident.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Eteshite human beings, is what they want to omit the procedure according to get used to.</span> <span class="notranslate">
If you have cut corners to say is "troublesome because," "since the
accident until now has not happened once," accident only when such is
the one that occurs.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
And, for the time that had happened Should acid leakage, it is to keep
the proper protective equipment and sufficient number secure.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Everyone, is a matter of course.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Yes, accidents happen because not doing commonplace things commonplace.</span> <span class="notranslate"> When the nuclear accident in Fukushima, and never will be so much serious and did not imagine.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Since TEPCO is a leading company, because I thought that the safety procedures also training also be sufficiently.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
However, even pump that cools the ② furnace did not imagine tsunami of
①20m, is located in the place also power supply is low, has become
unusable everyone in the tsunami (backup was not secured in a safe
place) ③ " etc. of blunder corresponding manual was not about the
situation in which cooling water is stopped Maru "in the tsunami is now
clearly one after another.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Large companies also do not take credit.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Everyone, in the accident, to a painful eye <b>is yours.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> Please do not compromise in regard safety.</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"><b>6.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b>" <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="tojou" name="tojou">developing countries</a> work in. "</b></span> </span><br />
<blockquote>
<span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: #660000;">Domestic as well, and it has worked in the "developing countries" overseas.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> The secret to achieve the work vigorously?</span> <span class="notranslate"> → is "patience".</span> <span class="notranslate"> Never angry Do not be.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Here's not in Japan, because the opponent's not a Japanese.</span> <span class="notranslate"> (In other words, "common sense" of Japan, in developing countries's the "insane")</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> In Malaysia, concrete sulfur pits, underground water has been entering the molten sulfur from the beginning full of cracks.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Since the temperature of sulfur is also 150 ℃, of course water boils, it becomes steam.</span> <span class="notranslate"> and "It's a hot spring, like," I was laughing with.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
It is because you are using a "cold a minus to cement" = moisture
absorption to defective cement that became bad of coagulation.</span> <span class="notranslate"> We want to focus on cost than quality.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Cheap thing only is not ready, after the "on-site white somehow."</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> And I did not want Yari because the corrosion, but we cover all of the inner surface of the concrete layer in steel plate.</span> <span class="notranslate"> And then, now Rashiku sloppy welding, steam has spouting along the weld line.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
After I complain to the contractor, "In so cheap contract, very welder
and I do not hire something of qualified personnel" We Usobui with.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> The fact that?</span> <span class="notranslate"> I'm allowed to welding work on amateur unqualified!</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Local construction work is the customer's jurisdiction.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Apparently, construction managers of the customer are, they apparently have put bosom by kickback the contract money.</span> <span class="notranslate"> But when you hear, in Malaysia it Toka's what "the scope of common sense."</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> This, rampant of kickback or bribe, so common in developing countries.</span> <span class="notranslate"> In Nigeria, it was called a "dash" to a bribe to pass to the police officers and officials.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Even doodling To when to end whether bureaucracy you do not know, dash
if I get even gold, or What a sense that it is sudden acceleration?</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Poor maintenance of infrastructure is also common.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> In Nigeria, anyway power failure occurs frequently, but was also construction commissioning was hard.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Sulfuric acid facilities, I have a need to keep the preheat the
converter and the combustion furnace before the start, this will take
about 48 hours.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Summary of the sudden if you are willing Na temperature has been rising, and "power failure".</span> <span class="notranslate">
Temperature of the converter is lowered, electricity is the place came
also temperature increase start, repetition of ... down is also "a power
outage!" And the temperature after a while.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> The most frequent record, 35 times a power failure in one month.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Indeed, the last became the mental state of "Kamidanomi".</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Poor quality of "Made in local".</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Steel pipe for boiler, to buy is called in the Japanese JIS and steel
pipe which corresponds to the STB (Made in India) has been assembling a
hot air dryer.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Once I started to completion after water pressure test, and I still
break in the longitudinal and "bread", "bread" from among you do not
reach the default pressure!</span> <span class="notranslate"> Apparently, it seemed to contain impurities in the drawing direction.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Hurriedly and imported from Japan, I've not managed to meet the deadline to complete, it is ridiculous deficit.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> </span></span><span class="notranslate"><span style="color: #660000;"></span></span><span class="notranslate"></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> <b>7.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b>Of gas heat exchanger <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="hitempcorosion" name="hitempcorosion">high temperature</a> corrosion</b></span> </span><blockquote>
<span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: #660000;">Complaints came from customers.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "Recently, the whole of the ventilation resistance increases, it does not flow as I think the gas, production volume is down."</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> A.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
When you take a look, there is a large resistance to the shell side of
the hot gas heat exchange of carbon steel (receive the gas from the
converter first layer to the tube side).</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
At the time of periodic repair, if you saw it cut open the shell, has a
whopping internal tightly packed with a thin film of iron oxide, flaky
debris that it is broken.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Thin film, have overlapped in many layers round the outside of the tube, like "Baumkuchen".</span> <span class="notranslate"> At a glance, it found an oxidation product tube has high-temperature oxidation.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Indeed, since the gas temperature from the first layer converter is
about 600 ℃, carbon steel will be high-temperature oxidation.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Such oxidation products are also not uncommon.</span> <span class="notranslate"> However, it is amazing the amount.</span> <span class="notranslate"> It does not stand still only construction after eight years.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
We've heard your operations situation from the customer, here Toka he
frequency of stop-start many, deliberate long-term stop five times a
year by the production plan.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> I found in it.</span> <span class="notranslate"> On the surface of the long carbon steel exposed to high temperatures, of course oxidation products occurs.</span> <span class="notranslate">
When you stop the plant decreases the temperature of the heat
exchanger, the steel portion of the tube is then deflated, the portion
of the oxide from the shrinkage rate is small steel, it will peel off
from the surface.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Usually, this "generation and cooling peeling" includes, but is should
not only occur during the annual periodic maintenance, it is 5 times a
year here, that is five times faster generation of standard amenities.</span> <span class="notranslate"> In other words, the eight years of this equipment will mean that hits 40 years of ordinary equipment.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Eventually, it was replaced with a new heat exchanger that was all the tube SUS304.</span> <span class="notranslate">
After that, our opinion, gas heat exchanger in a small equipment has
changed the design criteria to be from the beginning made of SUS304.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> And this customer, but there was one quarrel and around the expense of the heat exchanger update, it is omitted.</span></span> </blockquote>
<b><span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 8.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Acid circulation <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="haikanfushoku" name="haikanfushoku">piping</a> corrosion of</span> </span></b><blockquote>
<span class="notranslate">
<span style="color: #660000;">In new sulfuric acid plant, as the material of the circulation pipe of
drying tower, absorption tower, it was specified the use of SUS316.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate">
Since the customer's is a company that has been involved in stainless
steel production, and Toka I want to contribute to the consumption of
stainless steel, even a little.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> However, operations start early, corrosion accident of the piping was frequent.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Elbow, cheese, such as downstream of the valve, it is remarkable to place, especially caused turbulence in the liquid.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Stainless steel, if the room temperature or less can be used in the
long-term in SUS316, but does not recommend using it in place of more
than 70 ℃ as the circulation pipe.</span> <span class="notranslate"> For each impurity other factors in sulfuric acid, because there is otherwise with the case of long-lasting.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Actually this equipment, was in charge of the senior rather than me.</span> <span class="notranslate"> SUS316 Once I heard the reason for the use, things and because it was specified customers as described above.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Most of the piping it was exchanged in Teflon lining pipe after all.</span> <span class="notranslate"> From the customer, not issued gold because the responsibility of all us, and it has been told.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
and "you, but, was the specified material of'm your" When you argue
with, "When your company that would be a professional company? we are
wrong, the duty should be there to point out that" the logic of the .</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> This is a fairly rough logic.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Legal I do not know whether to but, but there is no not have such a feeling somehow.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "Failure both if unfortunate. If the expert, and useless compromise in technology surface"</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> It is a lesson that.</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"><b>9.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b>" <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="specialist" name="specialist">Experts</a> do not believe. "</b></span> </span><br />
<blockquote>
<span class="notranslate">
<span style="color: #660000;">The tight is the words, but in particular young people, "" blind faith
"absolutely useless" I want you to remember in the sense that.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
It is not directly related to sulfuric acid technology, but young, and
there was that it tried to improve the facilities to get the SO3 by
distillation of fuming sulfuric acid.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Because what kind of material was good or unknown, prepare a variety of
test piece, put in the existing facilities, we have the corrosion test.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
A result that was taken out after a certain period of time, violently
corrosion as "higher material" at the time, towards the banal material
is that the small amount of corrosion, it was what is contrary to
"common sense" at the time.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> I asked to visit us in the material manufacturer's Technical Director (Dr.), and sought an opinion on this result.</span> <span class="notranslate"> This person, at the time was famous in Japan as a leading expert in the knowledge of metal material for sulfuric acid.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
His view "this result is weird. I wonder how the test was bad. I would
recommend this kind of Conditions if material XXXX" thing.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
In his Suggested materials, where it drove by design and manufacture
this equipment, the equipment in about two months corrosion can damage,
it became the driving stop.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Again, where it was again the material test by installing a dedicated
test equipment, it became almost the same result as the first test.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Even if there is fame of how much "guru", it was learned and it is important to believe the facts as facts.</span> <br /><br /> <span class="notranslate"> Another is relatively recent, from I become officers.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
In desulfurization of coke oven gas, facilities that my subordinates
was in charge, all without put out the performance, now end up
recreating some last line that was struggling.</span> <span class="notranslate"> At the same time relationship that had received an order for more than one facility, it measures cost also became huge.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
The reason for this was issued from the manufacturer of the oxidation
apparatus of the circulating fluid for the "expected performance", and
that in and is a "specialized manufacturer", "there are a large number
of achievements", the person in charge was this even got to "swallow It
was "thing.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
However (it is that it was found later, but), because actual results up
to now, even though height and circulating liquid composition and other
conditions of the tower did different things fundamentally and this
time, without having to pre-verification there it was that it had to
blind faith to "study results of experts".</span> <br /><br /> <span class="notranslate"> I will Yes "expert".</span> <span class="notranslate"> However, he is not a God.</span> <span class="notranslate"> It is to know knowledge is limited.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
So I, for the customers when the technical advice "as above, but I
think, whether or not adopted, please judge your company's
responsibility" we have always said.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> <b>10.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="aseruna" name="aseruna">Impatient</a> Na-Na get angry, give up</b></span> </span><blockquote>
<span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: #660000;">I have to work with quite long China local.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Initially, this word that was to ask from the direction of the local representative of the trading company.</span> <span class="notranslate"> It seems to knowledge of business in China.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> until the promised deadline to answer is no.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Or it brings up again the conclusion of the previous meeting.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Come was unabashedly a request not in the contract.</span> <span class="notranslate"> How thought to stick to common sense out of the theory to the ...</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> And, here we are a few people, over there in the 10 times the number of people, you have been bubbling over unanimously.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
In Shanghai Baoshan steel plant project, the construction period up to
completion after receipt of order in the first place was 4 years 6
months.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Was told to complain and "yeah! So if I do not I get a acceptance
nearly five years even if the delivery?" From equipment manufacturers.</span> <span class="notranslate">
From the instrument manufacturers "When you start the more, this time
ordering our instrument was probably all specifications are revised, can
not by the delivery of the same thing." It was also said to be.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> And, impossible to achieve inspection criteria one after another.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
"China-made equipment, the Well of you? Irassharu made in so strict
standards, and import I want to," To tell you the irony and, undertone,
in spear, and it while it says "I can not be in China."</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Even if their own is possible, but I do it to the Japanese.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Because say that too insane, "such claims, I will not deviate from the
common sense of the world" When chide with, "Ono teacher, Japan has a
population of 130 million people. We Chinese are 1.3 billion people. Our
people would be common sense of the world, "he said.</span> <span class="notranslate"> No early, it does not come true.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Still, I, than the Japanese colleague who accompanied were, did not feel uncomfortable too strongly.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Maybe, "to say only this, Chants I wish I wonder there is a reason"
and, what because you have respect for the other party in its own way.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Even so, when you show off to juniors who are involved in business in
China for more than experience in active duty, that of the "now is also
true."</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Will the "Chinese funny"?</span> <span class="notranslate">
No, no, if you think it is now close to the position of third party,
too homogeneous, be that those of Japanese society of "supposed to be
seen not say" is heterogeneous in the world.</span> <span class="notranslate"> In that sense, "more of us the world of common sense," it was Kyoben Shanghai technicians of words, might was right.</span></span> </blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> <b>11.</b></span> <span class="notranslate"> <b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="nomoney" name="nomoney">There is no money</a> from?</b></span> </span><blockquote>
<span class="notranslate"> <span style="color: #660000;">1990, we have come to the sulfuric acid plant commissioning of Panzhihua steel plant of the mountains of Sichuan.</span></span><span style="color: #660000;"> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> We are making the sulfuric acid from the secondary raw sour gas at the time of desulfurization coke oven gas.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Our basic design and supply of some know-how equipment, in charge of
commissioning the company detailed design of Germany, the Chinese side
was the charge of the construction and supply equipment.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
From the Chinese side "of the blower capacity There are three times the
required amount, what? What should I do when" It was asked.</span> <span class="notranslate"> "Since the budget is tight," and Toka he has been looking for second-hand goods.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "From the blower outlet, please add the circulating gas piping back to the drying tower" I have been advised.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Because too raise the gas temperature in many so recycling, it is dangerous if you do not cooling.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
However flowmeter of the process gas because that is attached to the
outlet of the drying tower, is also required flowmeter to recycling
line.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Than that "money to buy a flow meter is ...", I was raised doing in the service until the orifice of the design.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Install the differential pressure gauge of visual, we were working to flow.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Chinese-made liquid level gauge attached to the pump tank of the absorption tower is also broken again and again.</span> <span class="notranslate"> The wetted parts and Toka's are using a diaphragm of SUS316.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
When you advice as "should I frog Hastelloy-C", as the "if made in
China, you can buy five or more made in Japan one minute", "China is not
made in", "please buy from Japan", to say The did not hear.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
Then, in Shanghai of sulfuric acid equipment, orders the work to switch
the thing was pyrite raw material sulfur raw materials, after four
years of completion, was visited in aftercare at the request from the
customer.</span> <span class="notranslate"> It is that of 2000.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate">
This seat was asked "because blower capacity is excessive you want to
an inverter motor. Is it true, but say that it pays for itself in one
year?".</span> <span class="notranslate">
While I think that I wish not to change much, "Better yet, please had
made the blower" You have advised, and whether you run ...</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Eteshite in developing countries, say that "in the next few years will rise to profit" will not be welcome.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Since we are replaced by more and more To leave the company, by the time you make a profit because his is not.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Private companies and foreign is to same is true in China, because I
want state-owned enterprises is also quite personnel changes, you will
of similar.</span> <span class="notranslate"> In other words, to raise the short-term performance, "to keep the current investment" it is's the best.</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> "Because there is no money" ... really, "I do not want to lower performance."</span> <br /> <span class="notranslate"> Of travelers from China of this year's Spring Festival, "爆買 physician", Is there in the place where it is.</span> </span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> 12.</span> <span class="notranslate"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="blackout" name="blackout">Black out</a> (power outage)</span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
As I wrote, even "work in developing countries", in the work in
developing countries, infrastructure is different is very difficulty in
whether or not been established.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> And do you say, but such infrastructure is what "still developing" So, "developing countries".</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Many and will be in direct problem the most, it is a power outage.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> The commissioning of Nigeria of sulfuric acid equipment, there was 35 times of power outage in January.</span> <span class="notranslate"> It is preheated, barely power failure If you think the temperature went up.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Barely been started, and ignited sulfur power failure If you think ... that began to be sulfuric acid.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> In addition, the troubled, it the prospect of recovery do not know.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Because you repeat too, it has increasingly young I also become pessimistic.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> In Malaysia, construction initially at (1985) point, there was occasional power outage.</span> <span class="notranslate"> However, in the current 30 years, it is that of the no it as good go at all To.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Again, it's neat development.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Young people, the electricity will be folded anywhere, anytime I think something in common.</span> <span class="notranslate">
But, even in Japan, I have (which is before from now 60 years!)
Childhood in, because the power failure was not uncommon, it was what
had been equipped with a sure candles in the house.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Come to think of it, the essentials candle in each house as well in Nigeria.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Night, becomes a power outage in the middle of it is a mah-jong in
Japanese to each other that had been dispatched in commissioning, and
make a candle to the four corners of the table, we also can do as "Qi",
"Pong" in the dark.</span> <span class="notranslate"> When the electricity is restored see each other's face, it had become completely black with soot.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> It called Black out in English that of a power failure.</span> <span class="notranslate">
Since the lighting of emergency is also small, and will meet in a power
outage the night in developing countries, you really will experience
the "jet-black darkness."</span> <span class="notranslate"> Scary thing.</span></span> </blockquote>
<br />
<br />
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-33250603384236598382015-06-17T03:41:00.000-07:002015-06-17T03:41:00.036-07:00Sulfuric Acid Plant Calculation<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"><b>Calculation:</b></span></span> <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
During the operation management of the sulfuric acid plant, or you need
a huge amount of computational work at the time of new construction and
renovation of facilities.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Here I am not going to describe all of them.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Please refer to a relatively opportunities are many, and so a brief description of some for a useful calculation.</span></span> <ul>
<li> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Dilution during the amount of water in the sulfuric acid</span></span> </li>
<li> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Ditto acid temperature</span></span> </li>
<li> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Heat loss from the equipment</span></span> </li>
<li> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Emissions possible SOx amount (K value regulation)</span></span> </li>
<li> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Etc.</span></span> </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span class="notranslate"> <b>Of sulfuric acid <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="kishakuryou" name="kishakuryou">dilution water</a> :</b></span> <br /><br /> <span class="notranslate"> 1) concentrated sulfuric acid (98.3% H2SO4) was diluted with water, Calculate the amount of water when making 62.5% H2SO4.</span> </span><blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
Traditionally, for each amount of sulfuric acid for obtaining a
concentration of the target by mixing different concentrations of
sulfuric acid, a convenient method of "square law" is famous.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
This is, each of sulfuric acid concentration A% before mixing and B%,
and a sulfuric acid concentration C% of the target place as described
below, and the subtraction in an oblique direction, respectively.</span> <br /></span><table border="1"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> A</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> C - B</span></span> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> C</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> B</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> A - C</span></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
As a result, (CB) :( AC) = concentration A% of the amount of sulfuric
acid: It becomes the concentration B% of the amount of sulfuric acid.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> For example, 98% H2SO4 (A) and 20% H2SO4 (B) are mixed with 94% H2SO4 when making the (C) is</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> CB = 94-20 = 74</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> AC = 98-94 = 4</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> In other words, it is the result that should I you mixed the 98% sulfuric acid = 74 parts and 20% sulfuric acid = 4 parts.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Therefore, the solution of the question</span> <br /></span><table border="1"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 98.3</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 62.5</span></span> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 62.5</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 0</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 35.8</span></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> To 98.3% 62.5 parts of sulfuric acid, and it will may be added 35.8 parts of water (57.8% of concentrated sulfuric acid).</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
* In the case of mixing of fuming sulfuric acid are each displayed in
all SO3 amount, and then apply the rectangle method in the same manner.</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> For example, "a mixture of fuming sulfuric acid and 94% sulfuric acid of 25% free-SO3, 98% get a sulfuric acid" case:</span> <br /></span><table border="1"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 86.22</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 3.27</span></span> </td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 80.0</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 76.73</span></span> </td><td align="center"><span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span></td><td align="center"> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 6.22</span></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> ∴25% freeSO3 fuming sulfuric acid: 94% sulfuric acid = 3.27: 6.22 I will be mixed in a ratio of.</span></span></blockquote>
<br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"><b>At the time of diluted sulfuric <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="sannon" name="sannon">acid temperature</a> :</b></span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 2) in the case of the above example, Calculate the temperature of the product 62.5% sulfuric acid.</span> <span class="notranslate"> 98.3% sulfuric acid is 40 ℃, the water I and 25 ℃.</span></span> <br />
<blockquote>
<span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> This is First, you must calculate the heat of dilution of sulfuric acid.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> There are several ways, engineering sulfuric acid (moat, Nakagawa AD, Inc., 1967) According to the,</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> If you want to dilute the H2SO4 of 1 mol of water n mol, the dilution heat</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Q = 17860n / (n + 1.7983) ··· (1)</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Q: cal / mol-H2SO4</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> n: mol-H2O / mol-H2SO4</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> When generation to the sulfuric acid concentration = 100A%</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> A = 98.08 / (18.02n + 98.08)</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Therefore, n = (98.08 / 18.02) (1 / A-1)</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> When you assign this to the equation (1)</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Q = 97209 (1-A) / (5.4428 -3.6445A)</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Therefore,</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 100% H2SO4 → 98.3% H2SO4 dilution heat of:</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Q1 = 97209 * (1-0.983) / (5.4428 -3.6445 * 0.983) = 888cal / mol-H2SO4</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 100% H2SO4 → 62.5% H2SO4 dilution heat of:</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Q2 = 97209 * (1-0.625) / (5.4428 -3.6445 * 0.625) = 11,518cal / mol-H2SO4</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> ∴98.3% H2SO4 → 62.5% H2SO4 of dilution heat ΔQ = Q2 - Q1 = 10,630cal / mol-H2SO4</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> = 108 kcal / kg-H2SO4</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 98.3% When will the amount of the sulfuric acid and 1kg,</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Heat of dilution Hd = 108 * 0.983 = 106kcal</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> 98.3% held by the sensible heat of sulfuric acid H1 = 0.344 * 1 * 40 = 14 kcal</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Water holding sensible heat H2 = 1 * 0.578 * 25 = 14 kcal</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> ∴ held sensible heat of the generated 62.5% sulfuric acid H3 = 106 + 14 + 14 = 134kcal</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Assuming this temperature and 120 ℃, specific heat = 0.553kca / kg / ℃, generating 62.5% sulfuric acid = 1.578kg so</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Generated 62.5% sulfuric acid temperature = 134 / 1.578 / 0.553 = 153 ℃</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> Boiling point of 62.5% H2SO4 is so 145 ℃, it will be sulfuric acid boil.</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate">
In such a case, and to cool the sulfuric acid immediately after mixing
in a shell-and-tube cooler, it will be that the heat exchange is
hindered because of the bubble of steam in the tube, and diluted and
cooling <b>is divided into two stages</b> How it is taken.</span> <span class="notranslate"> → "Various sulfuric acid production process", " <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" target="_blank">dilute sulfuric acid</a> See "</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> For example, * first stage 98.3% → 80%</span> </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> * The second stage 80% → 62.5%</span> <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><span class="notranslate"> As a method of calculating the heat of dilution, there is also a way to use a chart of Othmer and Fusullo et al.</span> <span class="notranslate"> Numerical value of the data to be used is different in each subtle, practically no problem.</span> <span class="notranslate"> (Of course, such as the heat transfer area of cooler you should look at a sufficient margin)</span></span></blockquote>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-69174664898534369592015-06-10T03:32:00.000-07:002015-06-10T03:32:00.326-07:00 Corrosion-resistant material for Sulfuric acid<span style="color: #660000;"><br /><br /><br /><img border="0" height="480" src="http://sulfuric-acid.biz/ceramic-internal.jpg" width="640" /><br /> Ceramic internal of an absorbing tower, Chiba, Japan </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><br /> At the beginning : </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><br /> Sulfuric acid facilities, is the fight against every day is corrosion and oxidation. <br /> When you mistake the selection of material, it can not write leads to all stop of injury or equipment. Maximum attention is required. <br /><br /> Optimum recommended material at the current time of each device, " new facilities "and" equipment update in ", please refer Because it is stated for each device. <br /><br /> That want to keep in first remember corrosion by sulfuric acid, <br /><br /> <b><span style="font-size: large;">For the metal material: </span></b><br /><br /> <b>1. Corrosion by sulfuric acid, significantly different concentrations, temperature, dissolved components. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b> </b><br /> In the <b>metal material</b>, generally,<b> "the amount of corrosion temperature increases 10 ℃ is two-fold," </b>It is said that. Since this is said to metal corrosion = chemical reaction of sulfuric acid and the metal, because the reaction rate is increased due to the rise of temperature. <br /><br /> There are no related at all relationship of concentration and the amount of corrosion. High concentration of sulfuric acid, it can not be said always to have strong corrosive. <br /><br /> Although strong lead = dilute sulfuric acid which are corroded rapidly to but no problem in practical use dilute sulfuric acid in carbon steel = room temperature in concentrated sulfuric acid resulting in soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid <br /><br /> In addition, it also varies in the dissolved components. <br /> Sulfuric acid of sulfur combustion type, you may even those close to the dissolved impurities less purified sulfuric acid, but it is not said to be a "good because few impurities". <br /> I, luxury nickel alloy circulating acid pump impeller, <b>"even though not anything in the refining gas sulfuric acid plant, is severely corroded by sulfur burning sulfuric acid plant"</b> was the experience of. That this is, during the refining gas is a very small amount, but that metals such as Cu, etc. have been dissolved NO2, these raw materials are beautiful too far sulfur to make a non-conductive coating, it could not be non-conductive coating but it has been estimated to cause. <br /><br /> So, "Examples of self-factory" will be greatly helpful, but "Examples of other plants" must not be to blindly reference. <br /> If consult, let's strictly compared with the conditions of the factory conditions and their own factory. <b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">2. Note the turbulence. </span></b><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">In particular, in the piping, you may site = elbow caused the flow of turbulence, cheese, corrosion downstream such as = valve seen violently. Especially often seen in stainless steel, these sites when a concern you should keep exchanged like Teflon lined. <b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">3. Note that even material itself is changing. </span></b><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">With the advancement of technology, the material itself is improved in the constant component is changing subtly. Once upon a time was not a problem material also might cause problems now. <br /><br /> We do not talk about details because belonging to the know-how, when you update the process equipment using a stainless steel alloy, even though such should have been using the material "the same as the original", severe corrosion accident occurred. <br /> When you try to study, has become very small compared to the original C (carbon) content of the new material, this was the cause of the corrosion. <br /> JIS provisions of the C content of stainless steel, because there is only an upper limit, manufacturers I had been reduced more and more To the amount of C is, the "improvement for the service." <br /><br /> So, it is really "the same as the old days" thing of? And you do not have to change? Let's leave well to check the material manufacturer. </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"> <b>Inorganic materials (ceramics, glass, etc.) and organic synthetic resin:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b> </b> <br /> These materials, when compared to metals, it is insensitive to changes in the concentration of sulfuric acid and temperature. If there is corrosion resistance in concentrated sulfuric acid, most things no problem even in dilute sulfuric acid. <br /> However, for fuming sulfuric acid, Teflon and carbon it is not recommended. <br /> For more details, it said in particulars. <b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">References : </span></b><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">For documentation that summarizes the various corrosion-resistant material with sulfuric acid, it has settled well is old "sulfuric acid Handbook" is the best. (But it is out of print) <br /> Other, there is also a book called "chemical equipment corrosion-resistant material table", which summarizes the corrosion-resistant material for various chemicals in addition to sulfuric acid. (This also has become out of print) <br /><br /> At present, materials such as corrosion curve of metal, probably most of the fastest way is to get the technical documentation is offered to manufacturers. <br /> (Without permission, it had to publish anti-corrosion data to the net every manufacturers such as Mitsubishi Materials and Japan metallurgy, but no longer now. The reason is unknown.) * After this, we will continue to write the corrosion resistance and applications for each material. <br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">Metal material: </span></b><br /><b> "Metal material is corrosion with any time to varying degrees." </b><br /><br /> This also is true that I would like you to remember. It will not be long-lasting equipment to understand the "difference of degree." <span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Carbon steel : </b></span><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">SS Toka SGP in JIS, is a material that is expressed, such as the STPG. <br /> The least expensive as the metal material, will that easy to come by. <br /><br /> Is this, <br /><br /> 1) concentrated sulfuric acid 2) Same as above oleum 3 at room temperature (room temperature)) molten sulfur <br /><br /> There is practically sufficient corrosion resistance. <br /> However, since the corrosion of certain parts of the flow will be greater than the stationary state, the use of the pipe is avoided, it should be used in the product storage tank. <br /> (Room temperature of the piping SUS304 or 316, would be sure Teflon lining in high temperature of piping) <br /><br /> Other, but it has been used for the following sites, in the case of new construction and remodeling Let's say right. <br /> (If economically afford) <br /><br /> <b>A) converter around duct → converter is the first layer outlet duct SUS304 <br /> B) gas heat exchanger → tube and channel cover SUS304 <br /> C) combustion furnace and towers of the casing → SUS304 <br /> D) sulfur tank → ceiling SUS304 </b> <b><span style="font-size: large;"> Stainless steel : </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><br /> There are very many kinds, but I will in time in roughly SUS304 and 316 for sulfuric acid. <br /><br /> This of most applications <br /><br /> 1) at room temperature of concentrated sulfuric acid, piping fuming sulfuric acid, pump, valve 2) converter around gas butterfly valve 3) molten sulfur valve It is. Other, there is also above A) ~ D) applications. <br /><br /> In addition 4) drying tower, absorption tower circulation acid piping <br /><br /> There is also in that factory used to, but since there is also a case that caused the trouble by being violently corrosion, as long as there is no past performance at the factory, is not recommended. Generally speaking, it is to have good when the low acid temperature. <br /> Stainless steel, the temperature of the acid, the amount of impurities, the flow rate, can vary greatly, such as in the corrosion behavior presence or absence of flow of turbulence. In addition, it is also affected by the carbon content of the stainless steel itself. Performance of a factory, also necessarily fact that does not apply to other plants, it is a place well hear. <br /><br /> It is a special purpose, but the heat-resistant stainless steel such as SUS310S will be used in the boiler bypass gas valve in the sulfur burning.<br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">High nickel alloys : </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><br /> There are a wide variety of alloys for each manufacturer, but what is often used in sulfuric acid <br /><br /> <b>1) Hastelloy-C group 2) Carpenter-20 (Alloy20) <br /> 3) pump manufacturer that has developed (such as Pilomet) </b><br /><br /> Below, we'll explain. </span> <span style="color: #660000;"><br /> <b><span style="font-size: large;">1) Hastelloy-C group </span></b><br /><br /> It is developed corrosion-resistant alloy of the United States Haynes International Inc.. Although initially it was Tadano "C", <br /> Then various kinds have been developed. <br /><br /> The is often used in concentrated sulfuric acid C276 <br /> C22 <br /> It is two. <br /> (In Haynes's home page is located that there is a corrosion resistance to "B3" because sulfuric acid, but this is the original as for anti-HCl) <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">C276: </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><br /> Components <br /> Ni 57, Cr 14.5-16.5, Mo 15.0-17.0, W 3-4.5, Fe 4.0-7.0, Co≤2.5, Si≤0.08, Mn≤1.0, C≤0.01, V≤0.35 <br /><br /> It is widely used in the plate cooler for the tower circulation acid. <br /> According to our catalog Haynes "by preventing particle deposition in the weld heating section, and has a high degree of corrosion resistance without treatment after welding" "and localized corrosion, and there is an oxidizing, resistant to reducing substances." → Haynes catalog C276 → corrosion curve of C276 <br /><br /> Just "metal material is corrosion with any time to varying degrees," he said. C276 is no exception. In the plate cooler, the entrance of San is corrosion most early (because the temperature is the highest). <br /> Therefore, after you have used a few years, you need to check is opened. </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">Also this time, also help to extend the life of the entire cooler to the entrance and exit of the acid in reverse. → " maintenance "," acid cooler " <span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>C22: </b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br /> Components <br /> Ni 56, Cr 22, Mo 13, W 35, Fe 3, Co≤2.5, Si≤0.08, Mn≤0.50, C≤0.010, V≤0.35 <br /><br /> This also seems to be used to the plate cooler. <br /> In the catalogs of Haynes, "especially" C276 has excellent corrosion resistance than "pitting, crevice corrosion, you have stated that there is strong resistance to stress corrosion cracking", concentration for sulfuric acid in the same catalog - temperature - corrosion amount Look at the graph and, but should not be seen as there is much difference in the 98% H2SO4. → </span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">2)</span><span style="font-size: large;">Carpenter-20 (Alloy 20) </span></b><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">It has been developed by the United States Carpenter Technologies Corp., component Ni 34, Cr 20, Mo 2.5, Cu3.5, Fe balance, Nb≤1 (≥C * 8), Si≤1, Mn≤2, C≤ 0.06 <br /><br /> Hastelloy-C22 as well as has been touted as "pitting, crevice corrosion, resistant to stress corrosion cracking" but it seems to the extent that is now being used in wire mesh demister of the tower exit. <b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">3) pump manufacturer that has developed (such as Pilomet) </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><br /> Ltd. Matsuda pump Works of Pilomet, such as Lewmet of rice Lewis is something that has been developed as a material for sulfuric acid pump. <br /> However, even these, you must be careful because you may be subject to corrosion by the "impurities" of temperature, other than the sulfate concentration.<br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">Tantalum : </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b><br /> Tantalum, 100 ℃ almost completely in the following concentrated sulfuric acid (corrosion weight = 0) is shown a corrosion resistance, shows no practical problem corrosion resistance at 200 ℃ or less. <br /> However, for very expensive, it has been used parts that are used special a small amount, for example, the diaphragm of the diaphragm type pressure liquid to a sulfuric acid plant. <br /><br /> Also by heating concentrated dilute sulfuric acid is used as a lining material in concentrated cans in equipment for the production of concentrated sulfuric acid. <br /><br /> However, the fuming sulfuric acid it must be careful because it is corrosion even at low temperatures.<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> Cast iron : </span></b><br /> Selfish, cast iron had been widely used as piping material and material of acid pump for concentrated sulfuric acid. <br /> (Fuming sulfuric acid, next to SiO2 is silicon content in the cast iron oxidation, this can not be used because that would divide the material itself swells) <br /> The low temperature of concentrated sulfuric acid at a low cost and has in its own way, but in cast iron distinctive of "su" problem, one day you suddenly or cause a sulfuric acid leak accident. <br /> Production of cast iron, so typical 3K is the work, has been migrated production from early to subcontract overseas, seems to have become the maintenance of quality it is also difficult. <br /><br /> As for the concentrated sulfuric acid, and high-silicon cast iron containing around 15% Si, there was a low chromium cast iron containing 1% less than the Cr, almost all stainless steels and high nickel alloys currently are alternative such as Teflon lining You. <br /> High silicon cast iron, seems to the electrode of current even electrolysis equipment being used. </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Lead : </b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br /> Lead is also a material that has been widely used in the nitric acid-type era sulfuric acid. <br /> The dilute sulfuric acid there is corrosion resistance, but it can not be used because it soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. <br /><br /> Even in contact sulfuric acid, although in dilute sulfuric acid portion of gas purification equipment other than sulfur raw materials (such as the casing of mist Cottrell) was used, this was also replaced by the FRP and other organic material. Again and price, it seems that is a problem that the weight is increased. <br /><br /> By decreased demand, craftsman itself to work also declined. Lead, because there is a use as a shielding material of nuclear power plants in other than sulfuric acid plant, there in is like Some craftsman in its own way, under the influence of this accident, I will also decrease. <br /><br /> It had been also hard lead with increased hardness by the addition of 3-12% of antimony in the lead used in such dispersion tube of pump and cooling tower, which was also no longer mostly seen now. <br /> Lead, the hardness lead both, it is now replaced by the plastics and ceramics such as Teflon and PP. <b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Other metals: </span></b><br /> In other metals, gold, platinum is about to have a sufficient corrosion resistance to concentrated sulfuric acid. <br /> Platinum, seems to have been used as a spray of dilute sulfuric acid in the nitric acid-type equipment such as lead room selfishness. (It is sometimes so stolen) <br /> Other metals, it can safely keep in stores almost all the "unavailable" for the concentrated sulfuric acid. <br /> For the dilute sulfuric acid, titanium, zirconium seems there is also some of the corrosion resistance, etc., but does not have expensive late almost used.</span><br /><span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> Inorganic materials : </b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Acid porcelain : </span></b><br /> Acid porcelain, lining material and sites that is in direct contact with the sulfuric acid, such as towers and pump tank as brick, has been used to tower packings such as interface Rochus saddle. <br /> The component basis, is what good be considered the same as porcelain for tableware (such as Arita). Come to think of it, is a leading manufacturer of acid porcelain Iwaojikikogyo Co., Ltd. is located in Arita. Originally, it seems to be a ceramics manufacturers such as tableware. <br /> Concentrated sulfuric acid, there is a nearly complete corrosion resistance in dilute sulfuric acid. In my experience, acid brick that was used 50 Toshi-yo also, apparently no different at all new. <br /> Recently, domestic to that of the quality of the clay has been reduced, it seems to have fallen somewhat from those quality-old. The color of the bricks, was a complete white things of long ago, those of recently has been tinged with pale reddish brown. I will be thought that due to the impurities. <br /> Brick is possible semi-permanent use, but the joint material to be used during construction will be affected in the sulfuric acid. Around from the gap of the joint material in the back of the sulfuric acid is brick, the casing is damaged by corrosion of the carbon steel of the casing. To prevent this, in recent years it has been made to put a Teflon sheet between the bricks and the casing. <br /> → "equipment update," " drying tower, absorption tower "reference <br /><br /> As the standard of acid porcelain, following JIS, and Iwaojikikogyo Ltd. Please refer to the catalog. <br /><br /> JIS R1501 general General Rules of the chemical industry for the oxidation porcelain <br /> JIS R1503 test methods for the chemical industry acid porcelain <br /> JIS R1528 for the chemical industry acid porcelain fillings <br /> JIS R1536 for the chemical industry acid heat-resistant bricks <br /><br /> The oxidation porcelain manufacturer, NGK Insulators, Ltd. is also available. <br /><br /> In addition, you heard that in recent years has been around also made in China acid brick, I have never used still. <b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Glass : </span></b><br /> Glass also, dilute sulfuric acid, there is a nearly complete corrosion resistance in both of concentrated sulfuric acid. (Especially in the case of hard glass = borosilicate glass) <br /> However, since weak fragile to shock, it is rare to be used as such. <br /> Those of the wall thickness is used for sight glass in the middle of the piping. <br /><br /> Also, heat-resistant glass which has improved thermal shock resistance by lowering the thermal expansion coefficient, is used for the absorption tower for purification of concentrated sulfuric acid production. This, Corning Pyrex is famous. <br /> However, because it is expensive, recently it has been replaced by glass-lined below.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>Glass lining (GL): </b></span><br /> Glass cast iron, by lining the inside of carbon steel or stainless steel, is what was to maintain the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. <br /> If the pipe is inserted into the metal pipe after heating the glass tube, to those brought into close contact by applying pressure from the inside, while others baked covered with a glaze vitreous inside of the metal tube. <br /> Prepared by the course of the latter method in such a large container. This will things to be rather referred to as "enamel". <br /><br /> Concentrated sulfuric acid corrosion resistance, of course, since it helps to minimize pollution of sulfuric acid by the dissolution of the metal, which is used in the purification of concentrated sulfuric acid manufacturing equipment instead of quartz glass. <br /><br /> In the case of printing method, since it may rarely a pinhole, you must perform a sure pin hole test at the time of completion. <br /> In addition, it said that the excellent mechanical strength, because there is a risk of peeling is give and blow lining glassy, such blow is taboo. <br /> And such as suddenly put the high temperature of the liquid, care must be taken because there is that glass is peeled off by thermal shock. <br /><br /> As those of similar applications, there is a Teflon lining, but more of the glass lining is excellent in heat resistance, it is used in higher temperature applications. It Would not it be okay to the boiling point. <br /><br /> For other chemicals sulfuric acid, weak alkali because it is glass, also violently it is affected because the phosphoric acid in the fluorine is difficult to use. It is also affected to a high temperature of steam. <br /> Currently, for to alkali, so it seems there is also a special case, such as for a pair of steam please try to consult with the manufacturer. <br /><br /> As a manufacturer, there is a following. <br /> Ltd. Kobelco Eco-Solutions <br /> NGK Insulators Ltd. <br /> Hakkosangyo Co., Ltd. <br /> AGC Technology Solutions Co., Ltd. - insertable GL piping only Fire-stone : <br /> This is a kind of pumice that lava was Deki solidified, those of Niijima production of Izu Islands have been conventionally used. <br /> Lightly (specific gravity 1.2-1.4), because there are easy and acid resistance processing, it will be used in gas purification part in equipment other than sulfur combustion. <br /> In applications other than sulfuric acid, since it also has excellent fire resistance, it is used as the acid lining material of the chimney. It is also used as a general of residential building materials. <br /><br /> As manufacturers and contractors, anti-fire stone Industry Co., Ltd., has Niijima Bussan Co., Ltd..<br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">Organic material : <br /><br /> Teflon : </span></b><br /> Originally with Teflon, it is that of <b>PTFE </b>that DuPont has developed in 1938. <br /><br /> <b>PTFE = polytetrafluoroethylene (-CF2-CF2-) n </b><br /><br /> It has high chemical resistance, heat resistance, and is also has excellent properties such as low coefficient of friction, a part of the F in order to improve this because of the poor workability hydrogen, chlorine, other which was replaced by the olefin has been developed. Collectively, these are called "fluorine resin". <br /><br /> FEP = tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (-CF2-CF2-) n - (- CF2-C2F4-) m <br /> ETFE = tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer (-CF2-CF2-) n - (- CH2-CH2-) m <br /> PFA = tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (-CF2-CF2-) n - (- CF2-CF2OCF3-) m <br /> PVDF = polyvinylidene fluoride (-CF2-CH2-) n <br /><br /> In DuPont, it will be referred to PTFE, PFA, FEP, the "Teflon", but other fluorine resin are wearing each different name, in Japan we practice called everyone "Teflon". <br /><br /> Although as a concentrated sulfuric acid and all organic materials in the best, without being corroded with time differences between the metal, without also contaminating the sulfuric acid by dissolution of the components, it is an ideal material. <br /> However, other than PTFE and PFA has difficulty in heat resistance, and can not be used in oleum for transmitting the SO3. <br /> As a lining material of many metal inner face, piping, it is used valve, such as a vessel. <br /> As a lining material of the valve, NICHIAS Co., Ltd. is a PFA, Valqua Industries Co., Ltd. is I am using PTFE and PFA. <br /> In addition, as a thin tube acid cooler it is used to. <br /> When used as a gasket, the left but it will be used, flexible pinch cushioning material such as rubber in order to increase, also it has to not mix a filler of mineral in order to avoid cold flow. <br /> Drying tower, absorption tower, and such as a pump tank for them, in towers and vessels lining the acid brick, the corrosion due to the fact that touch is across the sheet directly to the (seat lining) shell sulfuric acid between the brick and steel shell It has been made to prevent. However, Teflon because it does not adhere to brick in steel, you can paste it or use the process the surface or adhesive. <br /><br /> From the characteristic that it does not contaminate the product, purified sulfuric acid, has been often used for high-purity sulfuric acid. <br /><br /> The nature of the typical Teflon class I is shown below. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijDe9a0QNhL5YMX9eZ8AM2LRtENvnTIt6jLHT_FguolcbjEMWtXVphLdTCpJgS6QjWIxXeQKyvSy9r-01F0aHGcKSPnMqwAoi24prI-lMJ-4aDTxxDDmURX-N5bIxDKBqpyOVOR2cfGLs/s1600/teflonn.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijDe9a0QNhL5YMX9eZ8AM2LRtENvnTIt6jLHT_FguolcbjEMWtXVphLdTCpJgS6QjWIxXeQKyvSy9r-01F0aHGcKSPnMqwAoi24prI-lMJ-4aDTxxDDmURX-N5bIxDKBqpyOVOR2cfGLs/s1600/teflonn.jpg" /></a><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;"> Viton : </span></b><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">Viton is the same fluorine rubber DuPont has developed a Teflon. <br /> Compared to teflon, flexible, on rich in elasticity, strong acids include concentrated sulfuric acid, withstand strong alkali, excellent heat resistance (~ 250 ℃), the nature of Teflon as oil resistance, excellent in solvent resistance It also features. <br /> Structurally, the base is what is obtained by copolymerizing <b>hexafluoropropylene in polyvinylidene fluoride.</b> <br /> (-CF2-CH2-) n - (- CF2-C2F4-) m <br /> Currently, there are those obtained by copolymerizing<b> </b>other <b>tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl</b> vinyl ether according to the application. <br /><br /> In the sulfuric acid plant, it is common as a gasket of concentrated sulfuric acid for the plate cooler.<br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">FRP : </span></b><br /> FRP stands for Fiber Reinforced Plastics. <br /> Because it is sometimes referred to as "fiber reinforced plastic", although it is considered that the combination of a wide variety, as being practical use, <br /><br /> Plastic = unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy resins, polyamides, polymethyl methacrylate fiber = glass fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber (Kevlar) <br /><br /> And so on. <br /><br /> Lighter than the metal, there also have strength and excellent corrosion resistance, but it will not be able to withstand it will be carbonized in concentrated sulfuric acid. <br /> Only, it is intended to be used in an atmosphere of dilute sulfuric acid and wet SO2 gas. Washing tower, mist Cottrell of the casing, it will be used, such as the gas duct of the gas purification system. <br /> Is it been put to practical use in sulfuric acid facilities, <br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;"> Unsaturated polyester resin + glass fiber </span></b><br /><br /> It is a combination of. <br /> There is a kind also in unsaturated polyester, isophthalic acid-based, bisphenol-based, there is a vinyl ester. 2 who has excellent corrosion resistance as compared to the isophthalic acid system later, it seems no problem in isophthalic acid system for the sulfuric acid plant. <br /><br /> If you want to use in gas purification system, in the conditions, including fluorine in the gas, because there is a danger that glass fiber is corroded, and synthetic resins such as PP as the fibers on the surface in contact with the gas, you can use the carbon fiber. <br /><br /> As a manufacturer, in the major <br /> Showa Denko Co., Ltd. <br /> Oriental Gas Kiko Co., Ltd. <br /> Fuji Resin Industry Co., Ltd. <br /> There is such, but since that can be anyone production if there is a resin and glass fiber, to say that small and medium-sized manufacturers is infinite number is not an exaggeration.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">PVC (polyvinyl chloride): </span></b><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">It is one that is used in large quantities is referred to as a "PVC". <br /> FRP Again, it can not be used will be carbonized in concentrated sulfuric acid. Is for the dilute sulfuric acid it is possible to use. <br /> However, it is degraded by ultraviolet light, so easy to crack in the piping of the outdoors will require regular updates. <br /><br /> For reinforcement, which was inserted PVC in the carbon steel pipe (LP tube), while others that were plated FRP on the outside of the PVC pipe. <br /><br /> PVC, because it contains chlorine, from concern to generate dioxin when incinerated, seems to have been reduced use.</span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>PE (polyethylene): </b></span><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">This also is what is used in large quantities as plastics. <br /> There are HDPE and LDPE but, HDPE (high density polyethylene) made of tank and pipes are used in the sulfuric acid plant. <br /> PE, although at high temperatures will be attacked by concentrated sulfuric acid, there is no problem in practical use at room temperature. <br /> Therefore, the storage tank of purified sulfuric acid and, it has been used as a 20L plastic tank for the product sulfuric acid sales. <br /> The polyethylene tank, Dairaito Ltd. is famous ones. <br /><br /> Those lining the PE to carbon steel piping, have been used to dilute sulfuric acid. Even for concentrated sulfuric acid, I think that it can be used as long as it is a low temperature. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>PP (polypropylene): </b></span><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">Also PP should say representative also of thermoplastic resin along with the PE, has been put to practical use as a piping material, it seems to have become the alternative of PVC pipe. <br /> This is also used to dilute sulfuric acid is possible, concentrated sulfuric acid, it can not be especially used in high temperature.<br /><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Rubber : </b></span><br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">Natural rubber even though the rubber, there are synthetic rubber various Although it is a wide variety, corrosion resistance is generally to sulfuric acid "It is attacked by concentrated sulfuric acid, withstand the dilute sulfuric acid." <br /> It is. ( Viton I except = fluorine rubber) <br /> Therefore, it is hardly used for the sulfuric acid plant of sulfur raw materials, and are used in gas purification equipment by other raw materials. Majority is used as a lining material of carbon steel. <b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #660000;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Carbon :</span></b> <br /> </span><br />
<span style="color: #660000;">It is referred to as "carbon", but one that is improved is by impregnating synthetic resin in the synthetic graphite strength and air-tightness those used in the sulfuric acid plant, properly to be referred to as "impervious graphite" It is. <br /> Phenol resin is common as a resin, but some impregnated with Teflon. <br /><br /> Heat transfer is very good, the dilute sulfuric acid there is a sufficient corrosion resistance, but it is attacked violently by generating CO2 in hot concentrated sulfuric acid. Therefore, <br /> 1) cooler 2 of sulfuric acid dilution equipment) and is used to dilute sulfuric acid cooler and gas cooler of gas purification equipment. <br /><br /> It used if concentrated sulfuric acid of 90 ℃ about the absorption tower outlet but should of possible, increased concentration of product sulfuric acid is abnormally in tourists operation mistake when it was used as a selfish product acid cooler, Become a fuming sulfuric acid Have closed, this time there was an accident that the entire cooler melts. Since there is such a thing, it is not recommended to concentrated sulfuric acid cooler. <br /><br /> As the heat exchanger for the sulfuric acid plant, it is often for shell / tube type that is easy to clean the scale, but as the heat exchanger will have this also in addition to the block type or plate type. <br /><br /> As a manufacturer, therefore expensive electricity rates, which account for large proportion of the cost, Japan independent manufacturers no longer. Both currently is a joint venture with overseas manufacturers. <br /><br /> Nippon Carbon Melthene (Ltd.) = Japan (Nippon Carbon) + France (Melthene) <br /> Graphite Chemical Co., Ltd. = Japan (Tokai Carbon) + US (SGL) <br /><br /> And so on. <br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span> <span style="color: #660000;"><br /></span> Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-88920443708762975292015-06-03T22:43:00.000-07:002015-06-06T03:44:34.085-07:00Sulfuric Acid - Manufacturing process <b>Manufacturing process -1 <br /><br /><br /><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjdmRj_dtkaCreTzgW85xR8PjdVqdolP8W6TKKlxJdW46D3-96o3uKpJKbx40BUTnViLfxzbf3E8w-PqtDFKJ9JQIqja6eRZyngcejwcRl2mSGRPtpV85ib3uDRcbvim2OEWtyeK6o=" width="640" /> In front of SRG burner & WHB, Baoshan Steel Mill, Shanhai, China <br /><br /><br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Overview</a> : Classify general sulfuric acid manufacturing process and it will be the following. <br /><br /><br /> 1. Classification by raw material 1) sulfur combustion type ... oil recovery sulfur and sulfur raw material 2 of high purity (99.9% or more)) or gold type ... copper, zinc, 3 for the refining gas and sulfide iron ore, such as nickel as a raw material ) Other raw materials ... coke oven gas desulfurization sulfur, the sour gas, flue gas desulfurization recovery SO2, 2, such as waste sulfuric acid decomposition gas. Classification by conversion (simple contact and double-contact) 3. Or energy recovery-oriented or construction costs emphasis <br /><br /> In addition, as a special process <br /><br /><br /> 1) wet method 2) non-stationary converter 2) WSA method 3) SULFOX method <br /><br /> I have. <br /> General process: A) raw materials <br /><br /><br /> Sulfur combustion: Modern sulfuric acid manufacturing process, are all "contact". Production method of this is, go through basically the "burning", "conversion" three-step reaction of "absorption". <br /> 1) If sulfur to generate the combustion = SO2 (sulfur oil recovery) is the raw material: S + O2 → SO2 <br /> 2) oxidizing the conversion = SO2 to SO3 and <br /> SO2 + 1 / 2O2 → SO3 (at converter) <br /> 3) The absorption = SO3 is reacted with water to produce sulfuric acid H2SO4 <br /> SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 <br /> Metallurgy formula: → "Introduction", " <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/outline-2.html&usg=ALkJrhieWYwtfVWxbipAfb9GFWHAothoKw">raw material</a> "reference material is chalcopyrite, in the case of" metallurgy expressions "such as iron sulfide, because it contains a large amount of metal oxide dust during the roasting gas, <br /> 1) If the combustion chalcopyrite is of raw materials: 4CuFeS2 + 9O2 → 2Cu2S + 2Fe2O3 + 6SO2 (in smelting furnace) Cu2S + O2 → 2Cu + SO2 (at BOF) <br /> 2) removing the metal oxide by a gas purification dry, wet dust collector, to obtain a clean gas. <br /> 3) The same 4 and conversion ... sulfur combustion type) the same as the absorption ... sulfur combustion <br /> Other Ingredients: It has clean ones and dirty ones by the raw materials. <br /> Clean SO2 gas (recovery from wells Man load method flue gas desulfurization SO2) → gas drying, conversion, only the absorption of equipment dirty gas -1 (coke oven gas recovery sulfur, the sour gas, such as waste sulfuric acid) → about the same device used dirty gas and metallurgy type-2 (activated coke method desulfurization recovery SO2) → The "dirty gas -1" of the combustion device is not, "gas purification" and later, almost the same as the metallurgy formula <br /> Other Although it is currently unclear whether also are driving, the process of obtaining the SO2 gypsum by thermal decomposition had been adopted in the former communist bloc. Today, we have seen plaster and clay, the process of manufacturing the SO2 and cement clinker from silica sand in the literature overseas. <br /> "Whether used as a raw material?", You can consequence to all "whether profitable". Currently a good recovery sulfur purity can get at low cost, iron sulfide is not used. However, down the purity of the copper and nickel ore, and now that hydrometallurgy have been widely used, refining = increase of sulfuric acid usage (the selfish, refining = was a byproduct of sulfuric acid) it becomes. Of sulfide iron ore, there may be a re-turn. <br /><br /> B) conversion <br /><br /><br /> When you want to increase the conversion rate, method called double-contact (double contact) is best. This course of 2) above, the partially converted gases in the converter to reduce the SO3 By intermediate absorption is intended to increase the overall conversion by conversion and absorption is fed back to converter. In other words, as compared to a normal (single-contact) system, an intermediate absorber tower and the pump tank for the circulating pump, a cooler, and becomes like the need gas heat exchanger for re-heating. The final conversion rate, it depends on the conditions, but is that of a possible 99.9%. <br /> However, in this method, part of the gas sensible heat exiting the converter is absorbed by the acid intermediate absorber tower, since it is released into the cooling water, the recovery amount of energy will be the decrease in comparison with the single-contact . <br /> It does not lead to so much of the conversion, as a way to increase in the same manner as the conversion rate, option is to use a cesium strengthening catalyst, but the placement of the equipment because this case is a single contact is immutable. <br /><br /> C) energy recovery or construction costs? <br /><br /><br /> Burning sulfuric equipment, conversion, all of the processes of absorption since exothermic reaction, is possible to recover the heat in the form of such steam and electricity. This is how to recover to the fullest, or recovery is also the choice of either reduce the construction costs by suppressing. <br /> S (c) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g) + 301.89kJ / mol (combustion) SO2 (g) + 1 / 2O2 (g) → SO3 (g) + 98.87kJ / mol (conversion) SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (l) + 132.46kJ / mol (absorption) <br /> If you want to focus on energy recovery: <br /> Recovery conversion heat in waste heat boiler of the combustion heat → combustion furnace exit → converter around the waste heat boiler, economizer, super heater, use the boiler feed water to cool the heat of absorption → circulation acid in the air preheater, or We installed a heat recovery system, such as HRS and HEROS. * 1 <br /> * 1: HRS US <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://www.mecsglobal.com/&usg=ALkJrhhNTeXpTxEqKQRWFt7MBrONBuHRlA">MECS</a> , Inc., HEROS Germany <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://www.outotec.com/pages/Page____6954.aspx%3Fepslanguage%3DEN&usg=ALkJrhgngQ-pnLUVtEVoOIDtvaNLqclgFg">Outotec</a> in the system recommended by the company, to recover the heat of absorption of both SO3 as low-pressure steam. <br /> Moreover, by increasing as much as possible the concentration of the sulfur combustion furnace exit gas, there is also effective to raise the gas temperature. By placing the air blower in the back of the drying tower, it is also possible to recover the heat of compression as an increase of the combustion gas temperature. <br /> If you want to reduce the construction costs: <br /> Cheap Toka there is no consumption destination be recovered vapor or power, or in large-scale plants such as when the device itself is large and expensive, you should reduce the construction costs. The adjustment of the inlet temperature of the converter layers, dry air of the drying tower exit (in the case of refining gas, dry gas SO2) by bubbling, omit the heat exchanger. Furthermore, cooling the gas surrounding the converter by air-cooled heat exchanger, the heated air is released into the atmosphere without heat recovery. <br /> Combustion furnace exit gas it is thought that there is no choice but to cooling in the waste heat boiler, which also reduces the boiler by raising the boiler outlet temperature, it can also be followed by air cool. The pyrite raw material plant in Africa certain country for the roasting furnace exit gas is quenched with water, it was manner which is not at all heat recovery. <br /> Course construction costs if small whole plant equipment will drop. In this case raise the ventilation resistance, so you will need a great deal of power in the blower, to drive the blower in a steam turbine that uses the recovery steam. Ventilation resistance of the entire plant, but was about conventional 35KPa, of recently, it is an example also become 45KPa ~ 70KPa especially in large plants. <br /> Drying tower and the absorption tower but should differ from the original circulation acid concentration, it has also been put to practical use to circulate the same 98% of the sulfuric acid in the pump tank in common. In this case, we need a single concentration controllers and liquid level controllers also not only the pump tank is reduced. I do not have experience.<br /> <br /><br /><br />Manufacturing process -2 <br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> Sulfur combustion: <br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Sulfur combustion -1</a> : <br /><br /><br /> The accompanying drawings " <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/PFD-1.pdf&usg=ALkJrhiF1v1eowiOiFHoCiAdGmUy9dcxuA">PFD-1</a> Please refer to the ". Is this, <br /> • The molten sulfur raw materials and a single contact as much as possible to minimize the cost (energy recovery is not much need) <br /> This is an example of the case. <br /> Molten sulfur is supplied to the sulfur combustion furnace at the pump. Combustion air, after removing the H2O in the gas by contacting the drying tower in 93 ~ 95% H2SO4, will be sent to the sulfur burner. In this flow blower it has been installed in front of the drying tower. Because this person is you can use the carbon steel as the material of the blower, the equipment cost will decrease. Sulfur is burned in the combustion furnace, SO2 - it becomes (10.5 12%). At this time, the gas temperature in the combustion heat will be 1,050 ℃ ~ 1,200 ℃. <br /> S (c) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g) + 301.89kJ / mol <br /> At the same time, it is a small amount in the furnace, but is said to occur also byproduct of SO3 and NO / NO2. <br /> The hot gas is cooled in the waste heat boiler is recovered heat is simultaneously in the form of steam. <br /> The converter inlet temperature, because the action of the catalyst to optimize the 430 ℃ before and after said (if normal vanadium catalyst) to control by adjusting the bypass valve opening degree of the waste heat boiler. <br /> Converter has a catalyst layer of 3-5 stages, usually four stages. Here, the SO2 is oxidized to SO3, because each layer outlet temperature by oxidation heat rises, it does not go not to cool down before it enters the next layer to 430 ℃ or less. <br /> SO2 (g) + 1 / 2O2 (g) → SO3 (g) + 98.87kJ / mol <br /> To reduce the cost of equipment, it is blown to the catalyst layer a low dry air temperature in the conversion, to lower the inlet temperature. It (the case of four-layer) is often placed in a single layer outlet and the three-layer outlet. The inclusive air blowing, such as gas heat exchange and boiler of this part I will be measured reduction of construction cost is unnecessary. Furthermore surplus of heat, indirect cooling, and removed in the air by the gas cooler. <br /> This process is a single contact late final conversion rate is 96-97 percent, by using, for example, cesium strengthening catalyst, depending on the conditions, it is also possible to 99%. <br /> Gas from the converter absorbs the SO3 in the gas in the absorption tower at 98 ~ 98.5% H2SO4, get the product concentrated sulfuric acid by the circulation acid rose concentration is diluted with water. <br /> SO3 + nH2SO4 · H2O → (n + 1) H2SO4 <br /> Summary <br /> SO3 (g) + H2O (l) → H2SO4 (l) + 132.46kJ / mol <br /> Part of the absorption tower circulating sulfuric acid, will be taken out as a product to the outside of the system. Although not shown in this flow, winter dilution equipment for diluting the product sulfuric acid concentration to 95%, and product cooler comes after this. <br /> Exhaust gas from the absorption tower, SOx in the gas are absorbed and removed by an exhaust scrubber. There are different types of scrubber, but alkali absorption is common. It is not shown in the flow, but you might want to set up a mist Cottrell (wet electrostatic precipitator)) as white smoke measures of exhaust. <br /> In addition, we have omitted to flow, the converter is the one often preheating furnace for the start TokiNoboru temperature is included. <br /> By the way, the preheating of sulfur combustion furnace, heavy oil for preheating the oven (or, LPG) is done by direct heating and comes with a burner. <br /><br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Sulfur combustion -2</a> : <br /><br /><br /> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/PFD-2.pdf&usg=ALkJrhjLAWRUbEjNK2x74nHcwLs6nC9AkQ">PFD-2</a> please see. Is this <br /> I for the purpose of a-molten sulfur feedstock · DC / DA (double contact double absorption method) and energy recovery increased <br /> It is the case. Of the above-mentioned <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/PFD-1.pdf&usg=ALkJrhiF1v1eowiOiFHoCiAdGmUy9dcxuA">PFD-1</a> please compared to. <br /> Air blower is installed after the drying tower, heat of compression of the air is supplied to the combustion gas, it has to be able to recovery. SO2 oxidation heat of the converter, in part, but has been used to raise the temperature of the return SO2 gas from the intermediate absorption tower, it is used to preheat the feed water to the boiler. In addition, to make the superheated steam, This will not drive the air blower. <br /> The recovery of SO3 absorption heat of the intermediate absorption tower, we have established a HRS tower to cool the circulating acid, with the aim of recovery of medium- and low-pressure steam. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br />Manufacturing process -3 <br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> Examples: <br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Metallurgy type</a> process: <br /><br /><br /> The accompanying <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/PFD-3.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhwJVRwHiptgrl2tzvjVzu7T70kHQ">PFD-3</a> Please see. It has drawn sulfide iron ore, copper, zinc, nickel concentrate (both sulfide) as a raw material of the process of "metallurgy expressions". Even if you want to desulfurization recovered sulfur, such as desulfurization recovery H2S gas as a raw material, it is the same basically. Similar to the aforementioned process-2, Targeting · DC / DA Law and energy recovery increase <br /> Thing. <br /> Although not described in detail here, in "dry gas purification", the cyclone and dry electrostatic precipitator (hot Cottrell), but the part of the "wet gas purification" various scrubber and wet electrostatic precipitator (mist Cottrell) It is included. In this part, to remove the dust in the gas from the roasting furnace, purpose is to obtain a clean SO2 gas. When arsenic and mercury in the raw material, is halogen and said substance is included, we can set up a dedicated removal equipment of each. Examples of the wet scrubber There are many things but, MECS, Inc. has focused on DynaWave. <br /> Gas became clean enters the drying tower, it will remove absorb the H2O in the gas. From drying tower entrance is allowed to suck the air, and then the converter entrance of the O2 / SO2 ratio = ~ 1.2. <br /> After this is basically does not change with the aforementioned sulfur combustion type, for gas passes through the purification system and the drying tower, the temperature has dropped to about 40 ℃, the catalytic reaction in the converter this optimal ~ 430 ℃ to cause the order to (usually the case of the catalyst) heated up, you can use the SO2 oxidation heat in the converter. Specifically, it is heated by causing the outlet gas and the heat exchange from the respective layers. <br /> Absorption tower and Jogai-to after this is the same as the sulfur combustion. <br /> For the conventional method, it is often becomes low SO2 concentrations in the converter inlet as compared to the sulfur combustion. Hence, the furnace recent metallurgical expression by suppressing the increase of the unreacted N2 components by using oxygenation air mixing oxygen into the combustion air, to lower the SO2 concentration, and those that do not increase the amount of gas It seems there are many. Such as in the case of sour gas from a conventional method and COG, it will not be able to raise the temperature of the gas entering the oxidation heat in too low, the converter. In this case, you need to'll supplemented with heat from outside continuously. <br /> This, whether or not heat balance can take, you can be judged by the following formula. <br /> Blower outlet (the first heat exchanger shell side inlet) gas sensible heat = Q1 Absorption tower entrance (the first heat exchanger tube side exit) gas heat = Q2 The SO2 → SO3 oxidation heat = Q3 in the converter <br /> In <br /> Q1 + Q3> Q2 <br /> Heat balance will take so long. However, because there is heat loss from the device surface of the converter system, in fact <br /> (Q1 + Q3) * 0.9> Q2 <br /> It is safe if as a. <br /><br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Other</a> raw materials: <br /> Clean flue gas desulfurization gas <br /><br /><br /> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/PFD-4.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhkGzHinTQ23z0Qqerofrnr7fZAJQ">PFD-4</a> please see. This is recovered from flue gas desulfurization equipment, such as Wellman Road Law, is the SO2 gas of high concentration in high purity (However, water vapor saturation). Since there is no need of gas purification, gas after removal of the H2O in the direct drying tower, will be sent to the converter. Because usually high SO2 concentration, you need to or use high-density catalyst or diluted with air. Exhaust of the absorption tower, so returned to the flue gas desulfurization gas, not necessarily the high conversion is required. <br /><br /> Dirty gas -1 (desulfurization sulfur waste liquid, waste sulfuric acid, containing H2S gas, etc.) <br /><br /><br /> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/PFD-5.pdf&usg=ALkJrhg4VvoRajI5LomGXIp54lQj3Y9EPg">PFD-5</a> Please refer to. These raw materials, it is necessary to generate SO2 by first combustion. Because of course it combustion heat is generated, and the waste heat boiler is provided by a heat recovery in the form of steam. After that, it will remove the dust of gas was cooled and the gas at the gas purification equipment. After drying tower is the same as PFD-4, but the exhaust is released into the atmosphere after it was treated with a scrubber. Usually, because SO2 concentration is low, measures must be taken to reduce the H2O in the process gas. <br /><br /> Dirty Gas 2 (flue gas desulfurization gas containing dust) <br /><br /><br /> <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/PFD-6.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhU8PmHJfQW-9qtnzPDjftUYdgHqQ">PFD-6</a> Please refer to. This is because, as of activated coke law, those containing dust in the recovery SO2 gas, combustion furnace is not required gas purification equipment is necessary. Except there is no combustion furnace is the same apparatus sequence as a "dirty gas -1". However, because SO2 concentration is higher in the case of this gas, it will be rather necessary dilution with air. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> Manufacturing process -4 <br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">Special</a> process: <br /> Wet method: <br /><br /><br /> Whether the other raw materials any sulfur combustion, the catalytic reaction gas in the generic process is supplied to the converter does not contain H2O. This is to avoid the risk of equipment corrosion and stop time of the catalyst damage. The drying tower is used for the purpose, it has been absorbed and removed the H2O contained by washing the sulfur combustion air and process gas after the gas purification unit in the 93 ~ 95% H2SO4. However, there is also a process of contacting reaction while containing H2O in the gas. This is usually the gas in the beautiful but is also small equipment SO2 concentration is thin production volume, and the product will be only adopted in special conditions that may be a dilute sulfuric acid. Requires no drying tower as equipment, after the converter, the condenser and the cost of equipment and the electrical dust collector is only in place of the absorption tower is you can be kept low. However, because of that can not be concentrated sulfuric acid is that the application of the product is naturally limited, example that has now been adopted it seems that little. <br /><br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">WSA</a> method: <br /><br /><br /> A type of the above-mentioned wet method, but without causing total amount of condensed H2O in the gas, a method of obtaining a high concentration of sulfuric acid by partial condensation, Harudatopuso Inc. (Denmark) was developed in the mid 1980s. Gas containing H2O is oxidized SO2 is directly at the converter, the generated SO3 is a gaseous H2SO4 reacts with H2O. This H2SO4 vapor by partial condensation in a glass condenser to get the concentrated sulfuric acid. Oxidation heat generated by the converter will be recovered by the molten salt boiler. Concentrated sulfuric acid concentration of purification is determined by the H2O content in the gas. If 10% or less, Toka it possible to obtain 98% H2SO4. Moreover, by changing the SO3 Gasugu H2SO4 generated by converter, so remains SO3 concentration in the gas is always low, it means that same equilibrium with DC / DA method is shifted to the side to promote the oxidation of SO3, the final conversion Toka equal to or greater than 99%. Originally, the simple contact-type exhaust sulfuric equipment, such as boiler combustion gases, it was a process for producing sulfuric acid from a very thin SO2 concentration of the gas, at present, it and the high density SO2 from metallurgical type roasting furnace gas, H2S from oil refining, coke oven gas purification H2S, sulfur sludge, such as waste sulfuric acid and sulfuric acid drainage from the petrochemical, can accommodate a wide variety of raw materials, there is a construction track record 100 groups close to the world. In Japan, there was a facility from the petrochemical waste sulfuric acid, it is not currently for the generation process of the waste acid was discontinued. Globally, we have argued that already have a track record of more than 130 groups. (November 2014 currently) As compared with the general process, also in the plant cost, advantageous and manufacturers in the utility surface (Topuso Inc.) has claimed. However, in the molten sulfur raw materials, the original wet method because moisture is less in the air benefits I will think less. Also in the non-ferrous metal smelting, because the cost of the furnace and the gas purification part is greater than the sulfuric acid production facility, it will presumably cost benefit is small compared to other sulfur source. → <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/WSA-SFD.pdf&usg=ALkJrhg0aSU2YoXVi2-lyY1vam7ELGQbmg">WSA schematic flow</a> → <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/WSA-achievement.pdf&usg=ALkJrhhtX4ZiZlld_9LK6lhwutbTt5VelQ">experience in smelting gas</a> Direction you are interested <a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ja&u=http://sulfuric-acid.biz/question.html&usg=ALkJrhjondDzlAjHYS7oS7jLp9Nc8ymMQw">contact us</a> please. Topuso's Japanese distributor, we will introduce the OTC. <br /><br /> SULFOX method: <br /><br /><br /> those MECS, Inc. has developed, like the WSA method, it is wet sulfuric acid production process. It unique in this process, not only a thin SO2, is that it is a can produce sulfuric acid by oxidation in the converter within the catalyst also the H2S gas. Again by adjusting the condensing temperature? It obtained a high concentration of sulfuric acid, and then you have. <br /><br /> Non-stationary converter: <br /><br /><br /> The catalyst of the converter is not divided into multiple stages, in a manner that switching between the entrance and exit of SO2 gas at regular time intervals, it is that you omit the converter around the gas heat exchanger. After preheating the catalyst, when you through the cold SO2 gas from the catalyst top, because among the first is the catalyst temperature oxidation start temperature or higher SO2 + 1 / 2O2 → SO3 Reaction of go, but you have cold gradually gas inlet side. If the gas inlet is now switch to from the catalyst bottom, the oxidation by touching the high temperature of the catalyst is continued, catalyst upper part which has been cold will be heated by the heat of reaction. If you have cold the bottom, now also conducts SO2 gas from the top ... If you continue this reaction sufficient conversion rate is obtained, thing. <br /> It is a technology that has been developed in the former Soviet Union, there was operational cases until recent years in China. But the will not big final conversion rate is obtained, it is questionable whether really stable conversion rate can be maintained. In Japan there was a engineering company that sells this technology, but it does not have heard the story that was sold. <br /> </b>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Sulfuric Acid </b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">Handling Equipment<br />Instrumentation<br />Materials of Construction<br />Inspection Procedures</span><span style="font-size: large;"><br />Q.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">What kind of pump do you use to transfer acid from the tank to the process?<br />A.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A centrifugal, sealless magnetic-drive pump is the preferred pump for sulfuric acid transfer. The wetted parts should be 316 stainless steel, Alloy 20 or Teflon®-lined.<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Q.<br />What kind of metering pump is used for small quantities if acid (<5 br="" gpm="">A.<br />Positive displacement pumps, with wetted parts of Alloy 20, 316 stainless steel or Teflon® are typically used for this application.<br />Q.<br />What do you recommend for piping?<br />A.<br />The materials of construction for piping are dependent on fluid flow velocities and quality concerns. In general, seamless carbon steel piping is used for flow velocities between 1-3 feet per second (fps). 316 SS is acceptable for flow velocities of 0-8 fps. Alloy 20 works for flow velocities of 0-20 fps, and Teflon®-lined pipe works for all ranges of fluid velocity. If iron contamination is a concern for the process, stay away from carbon steel.<br />These recommendations assume ambient temperatures. All metal piping should be welded per "ANSI B31.3 - Normal Service" specifications.<br />Screwed fittings are discouraged. PVC and CPVC piping is recommended for vent/vapor lines only. They are not recommended for liquid service.<br />Q.<br />What do you recommend for storage tanks?<br />A.<br />The most common material used for sulfuric acid (>70%) storage tanks is carbon steel. It is relatively inexpensive and offers good corrosion resistance. If iron contamination is a problem in your process, 304 or 316 stainless steel is acceptable. For more aggressive environments, Alloy 20<br />may be an economical choice. For small tanks (<4500 95="" acid="" be="" below="" br="" concentrations="" cross-linked="" gallons="" high-density="" may="" polyethylene="" suitable.="" sulfuric="" with="">Q.<br />Are vertical or horizontal tanks better?<br />A.<br />Both horizontal and vertical tanks can give good service as a sulfuric acid storage tank if properly designed and maintained.<br />Q.<br />Are PVC and/or CPVC acceptable for sulfuric acid?<br />A.<br />PVC and CPVC are acceptable only for vent line or overflow line piping.<br />PVC and CPVC chemically will withstand exposure to sulfuric acid. They are not recommended for liquid service, though, as the plastic pipe does not have adequate "mechanical strength" to hold the sulfuric acid (remember,<br />the acid weighs almost twice as much as water) and is subject to mechanical failure.<br />Q.<br />Is Teflon® OK for sulfuric acid?<br />A.<br />All grades of Teflon® are acceptable for all strengths of sulfuric acid up to 400° F.<br />Q.<br />What do you recommend for valves?<br />A.<br />Plug valves or full-port ball valves are generally recommended for sulfuric acid service. Valves should be constructed of cast Alloy 20 for acid strength above 70%.<br />Q.<br />What kind of hoses are OK for sulfuric acid?<br />A.<br />A Teflon® PTFE-lined hose is acceptable for 93-98% sulfuric acid service.<br />The hose should be designed with a 200-psi minimum working pressure and be full vacuum rated. The end fittings must be crimped or swaged - banding is not recommended. The hose manufacturer must list the hose as "satisfactory" for 93-98% sulfuric acid service. The hose end fittings should<br />be 316 stainless steel with flanges or quick-connect fittings. The gasket must be virgin Viton® B. The user should have a "hose management program" in place to ensure the integrity of the hose. The hose must be dedicated to sulfuric acid service.<br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Instrumentation</b></span><br />Q.<br />What level gauges work for acid storage tanks?<br />A.<br />Several different types of level gauges will give satisfactory service for sulfuric acid storage tank levels. These include differential pressure (d/P) cells, sonar probes, radar probes, capacitance probes and floats. The "wetted" parts should be 316 stainless steel, Alloy 20 or Teflon®-lined.<br />Q.<br />What kind if flow meters work?<br />A.<br />Several types of flow meters will work with sulfuric acid, including:<br />magnetic flow meters, coriolis (mass flow) meters (Micro Motion), armored rotameters and ultrasonic flow meters. All of these can give adequate service for sulfuric acid.<br />Q.<br />Are there any in-line acid strength meters that work?<br />A.<br />In-line acid strength analyzers can be designed for sulfuric acid service.<br />Ones that have had success include sonic velocity analyzers, conductivity analyzers, refractive index analyzers and density meters. All of these analyzers can "flip-flop" at some acid strengths and give erroneous readings (conductivity at ~100%, sonic velocity at ~100%, refractive index at ~100%<br />and density at ~97%).<br />Q.<br />Are sight glasses in the piping acceptable?<br />A.<br />Sight glasses can be successfully used in sulfuric acid piping systems. Care must be taken to ensure they are protected from mechanical damage and are constructed of suitable materials.<br />Q.<br />Do you need dry air or nitrogen for bubbler level gauges?<br />A.<br />Dry instrument air (dew point <-40 acid="" added="" are="" br="" bubblers.="" corrosivity="" f="" for="" increases="" its="" metals.="" moisture="" most="" nitrogen="" only="" or="" preferred="" sulfuric="" to="">Materials of Construction<br />Q.<br />What are the limits of carbon steel in acid service?<br />A.<br />In general, carbon steel is the most commonly used material of construction for storage tanks and piping with sulfuric acid above 77%. In piping care must be taken to design the piping system to minimize turbulence in the liquid flow. The piping should be sized to maintain fluid velocity between 1-<br />3 feet per second (fps). Schedule 80 (minimum) welded piping is recommended. The temperature should be kept below 100° F wherever possible. For tanks, the design corrosion allowance should be 1/8".<br />Q.<br />When should I use stainless steel vs. carbon steel?<br />A.<br />Stainless steel should be used in place of carbon steel if iron contamination is a problem in your process. Also, stainless steel is acceptable for 100 sulfuric acid - carbon steel is not. Stainless steel is also preferred at low (<20 a="" acid="" br="" concentrations.="" greater="" grooving="" has="" hydrogen="" resistance="" stainless="" steel="" to="">Q.<br />Is copper/brass/bronze OK with acid?<br />A.<br />Copper/brass/bronze is not acceptable for sulfuric acid service, at any strength.<br />Q.<br />Is glass OK?<br />A.<br />Glass has excellent corrosion resistance with sulfuric acid, at all concentrations.<br />Q.<br />What is the corrosion mechanism with acid and steel?<br />A.<br />When sulfuric acid first contacts carbon steel, iron sulfate (FeSO4) is produced. The iron sulfate coats the steel and forms a "passivation" film which then protects the carbon steel from further corrosion. Flammable hydrogen gas (H2) is also produced by the corrosion reaction:<br />Fe(S) + H2SO4(l) --> FeSO4(s) + H2(g)<br />Q.<br />What are the temperature limits of steel, stainless steel and Alloy 20 in acid service?<br />A.<br />For steel the temperature should be maintained below 100° F, for stainless steel below 120°F , and for Alloy 20 below 140° F.<br />Q.<br />Is Hastelloy® OK?<br />A.<br />Hastelloy® B and C are generally acceptable for most strengths of sulfuric acid. They are usually only used for specialty applications, as it is ~6X the cost of carbon steel.<br />Q.<br />Is PE and/or PP OK? At what temperature and %?<br />A.<br />Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) have limited applications in sulfuric acid service. PE can be used for small (<5000 95="" acid="" ambient="" and="" at="" below="" br="" cross-linked="" density="" for="" gallon="" high="" is="" pe="" preferred="" resin="" storage="" sulfuric="" tanks.="" tanks="" temperatures="" the="">Polyethylene can be used for sample bottles, drums and tote tanks at the same conditions. PP is slightly more resistant to sulfuric acid than PE in the 95-98% range, at ambient temperatures. Both plastics may be subject to stress cracking - the potential increases with temperature, storage time and strength.<br />Q.<br />What is “hydrogen grooving”?<br />A.<br />When sulfuric acid first contacts carbon steel, a passivation coating of iron sulfate is formed, along with hydrogen gas. The iron sulfate coating protects the steel from further corrosion. The hydrogen gas bubbles will float up in the liquid sulfuric acid. If, as the H2 bubbles float up, they contact the metal, the bubbles will scrape off the iron sulfate coating, exposing bare metal.<br />This will form more iron sulfate and more H2 bubbles. The bubbles tend to follow the same track, exposing more bare metal. Eventually the metal will have grooves corroded/eroded into the surface from the "never-ending" cycle of iron sulfate formation/H2 "scrubbing bubbles"/bare metal/iron sulfate formation. The striation in the metal is called "hydrogen grooving".<br />Q.<br />Why does piping develop leaks at elbows and/or welds?<br />A.<br />For carbon steel piping, the recommended fluid velocity is 1-3 feet per second (fps). Below 1 fps the corrosion phenomena called "hydrogen grooving" takes place. Above 3 fps, generalized corrosion will occur. In sulfuric acid service, the carbon steel is protected from corrosion by a passivation coating of iron sulfate. If the fluid velocity exceeds 3 fps, the iron sulfate passivation coating does not form. In piping transition pieces (elbow, tees, valves, expansion, contraction, etc.) the fluid velocity tends to be greater (because of turbulence) than in the straight pieces of pipe, so the passivation coating does not form as well. Also, downstream of welds, if there is any slag left inside the pipe, turbulence tends to occur, and the iron sulfate coating doesn't form well. With less passivation coating, generalized corrosion is accelerated in those spot.<br />Q.<br />What are the flow limitations for acid piping?<br />A.<br />The "Rules of Thumb" for flow limitation when designing piping system at ambient temperatures are:<br />• Carbon Steel: 1-3 feet per second (fps)<br />• 304 and 304L stainless steel: 0-6 fps<br />• 316 and 316L stainless steel: 0-8 fps<br />• Alloy 20: 0-20 fps<br />• Teflon® and Kynar® lined: 0-50 fps<br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Inspection Procedures</b></span><br />Q.<br />How do you inspect an acid storage tank?<br />A.<br />There are three types of inspections normally done on a sulfuric acid tank.<br />The first is an external "walk-around" inspection.<br />• Every year someone should "walk-around" the tank, looking for signs of sulfate leakage or other metal deterioration, making sure the insulation (if so equipped) is weather-tight, observing the overflow/vent line to make sure it is not plugged, looking at the tank foundation/supports.<br />• A more thorough external tank inspection would include an ultrasonic thickness test. Areas around welds and nozzles should be carefully reviewed<br />• An internal tank inspection is the most thorough. It involves emptying and cleaning the tank. Someone (preferably an API-certified inspector) then enters the tank and visually inspect the internal welds and tank surfaces. Ultrasonic thickness testing should be done on the floor and any other questionable areas at this time. Be sure to follow all OSHA guidelines when entering the tank.<br />Q. How often do you inspect an acid storage tank?<br />A. General guidance for tank inspections is as follows:<br />• An annual external "walk-around" inspection.<br />• A biennial ultrasonic thickness test.<br />• Every 5-6 years empty and clean the tank, and internally inspect the tank. These inspection frequencies can be increased or decreased, based on actual findings when the tanks are inspected. Be sure to document all inspections and keep copies in the tank files. Use API 653 for<br />guidance on vertical tank inspections.<br />Q. </5000></20></-40></4500></5></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">How do you inspect piping? How often?<br />A.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> In general, piping is formally externally inspected visually every five years, and ultrasonic thickness tested biennially. Again, actual plant experience may dictate an increase or decrease in this schedule. Extra attention should be paid to elbows, tees, valves and any other places in the piping where flow disturbances (and erosion/corrosion) could occur. Use API 570, Class II piping standards for guidance.<br />Q.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> How do you clean an acid tank?<br />A. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Sulfuric acid tanks are usually only cleaned when the tanks are due for the internal inspection (every 5-6 years) or when the iron sulfate builds-up in the tank enough to cause quality problems with the product.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Sulfuric Acid Process</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b><br />Q. How do you make sulfuric acid?<br />A. The primary process used to make sulfuric acid is called the "Contact Process". Molten sulfur is sprayed through an atomizer nozzle into the sulfur burner and combusted with dry air to make sulfur dioxide (SO2). The air is dried by running it countercurrent through a spray column filled with sulfuric acid. The acid absorbs all moisture in the air. The SO2 gas is passed through a multi-layer catalytic converter with more air to make sulfur trioxide (SO3). The catalyst used is vanadium pentoxide. The SO3 gas is absorbed in sulfuric acid to make a higher strength (tower) sulfuric acid. The tower acid is then blended with water to get the desired sales strength.<br />Q. What do use for materials of construction in your plant?<br />A. Carbon steel is the most commonly used material in a sulfuric acid plant.<br />Q. What are the raw materials for sulfuric acid?<br />A. The basic raw materials for sulfuric acid are sulfur, air and water. The sulfur can be from elemental sulfur, from H2S, or roasted from metal sulfides.</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-79764279137351016852015-05-26T23:34:00.000-07:002015-05-26T23:34:00.405-07:00Rewinding a low voltage generator 225 KVA, 14 pol., 400 V<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00236154348860975644noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-237315861157195914.post-75541325526323732972015-05-19T23:32:00.000-07:002015-05-19T23:32:00.351-07:00Spraying metal powder. Edit Required Shaft dimension<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5MRULKt-muCumRlIPIdxqfP_f2XkTfpkKnRgKprEmctyX5KC38gBl9glqxMNCNLrIuDa_nXNsXZ78drrusz8Kaz2xpCkAFQHIP1KgFEWcIrlQZfgo54jItV-zs0iFFj2VCuQKCSj44U/s1600/Spraying+metal+powder,+heave+to+u.+Edit+Required+Shaft+dimension.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu5MRULKt-muCumRlIPIdxqfP_f2XkTfpkKnRgKprEmctyX5KC38gBl9glqxMNCNLrIuDa_nXNsXZ78drrusz8Kaz2xpCkAFQHIP1KgFEWcIrlQZfgo54jItV-zs0iFFj2VCuQKCSj44U/s1600/Spraying+metal+powder,+heave+to+u.+Edit+Required+Shaft+dimension.jpg" height="640" width="620" /></a></div>
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